How far i'll go 얼마나 말든지 나는 갈 거야

Uncertainity

U

-N-처럼 보이다 Ncheorom boida looks like noun

학생처럼 보여요. = He looks like a student.

비둘기처럼 보이네요. = It looks like a pigeon.

경찰처럼 보이는 사람이 그 여자를 데려갔어요. = Someone who looks like a cop took her.

-DV 아/어/여 보이다   Looks …

Descriptive Verb + (아/어/여) 보이다

그 사람이 행복해 보이다that person Seems happy.
근데 이거 비싸 보이는데? (But this looks expensive.
문제가 어려워 보여.That problem looks difficult-
건물이 높아 보이다.- 높아 보여요. = the building looks high.
Keith는 즐거워 보이다.Keith looks excited, joyful and merry.
- 행복해 보입니다 = (he/she/they/you) look(s) happy.
멋있어 보여요.Ah she looks cool

* 보이다 is originally the passive voice of 보다, to see.

Difference (아/어/여) 보이다 and ㄴ/은/는 것 같다

Examples

학생 = student
학생처럼 보여요. = He looks like a student.
학생 같아요. = he seems to be student.

이 영화는 재미없어 보여요 = This movie looks boring.
이 영화는 재미없는 것 같아요 = this movie seems boring.

사장님 기분이 안 좋아 보이는데, 무슨 일 있어요? = The boss doesn’t look happy. Is there anything wrong?
사장님 기분이 안 좋은 것 같은데, 무슨 일 있어요? =(you’re guessing or thinking based on either what you saw or some other clues)  i think the boss is upset the boss seems upset. Is there anything wrong? 

N 같아요 [ga-ta-yo] is like Noun

저 사람은 로봇 같아요. [jeo sa-ram-eun ro-bot ga-ta-yo.]  That person is like a robot.

경은 씨는 천사 같아요. [gyeong-eun ssi-neun cheon-sa ga-ta-yo.] Kyeong-eun is like an angel.

현우 씨는 천재 같아요. [hyeo-nu ssi-neun cheon-jae ga-ta-yo.] = Hyunwoo seems to be a genius.

거짓말 같아요. [geo-jit-mal ga-ta-yo] = It seems to be a lie

그 이야기는 거짓말 같아요. [geu i-ya-gi-neun geo-jit-mal ga-ta-yo.] = That story sounds like a lie.

저 사람 소연 씨 같아요. [jeo sa-ram so-yeon ssi ga-ta-yo.] = That person looks like So-yeon.

로봇 같아요. [ro-bot ga-ta-yo] =  It seems to be a robot. / I think it’s a robot

-A eun geos , V neun geos gatayo seems like + verb

-DV/AV ㄴ/은/는 것 같다[-n/eun/neun geot gatda].I “it seems…”

Formation

Descriptive verbs-                                -ㄴ/은 것 같다
Action verbs Present -는 것 같다 Past -ㄴ/은것 같다  Futureㄹ/을 것 같다

ida is conjugated like descriptive verb

Conjugation part

것 같다
것 같아 (basic)
것 같아요 (standard)
것 같습니다 (formal)

I.Descriptive Verbs

Verb Stem-ㄴ/은 것 같다

vowel + -ㄴ 것 같다

편하다[pyeonhada]: “to be comfortable”
편한 것 같다[pyeonhan geot gatda]: “it seems to be comfortable” or “I think (it) is comfortable.”

비싸다[bissada]: “to be expensive”
비싼 것 같다[bissan geot gatda]: “it seems to be expensive” or “I think (it) is expensive.”

예쁘다[yeppeuda]: “to be pretty”
예쁜 것 같다[yeppeun geot gatda]: “it seems to be pretty” or “I think (it) is pretty.”

이상한 것 같아요 = It seems to be strange. / I think it’s strange.

consonant + -은 것 같다

많다[manta]: “to be many”
많은 것 같다[maneun geot gatda]: “it seems like there are many” or “(I) think there are many.”

적다[jeokda]: “to be a little”
적은 것 같다[jeogeun geot gatda]: “it seems like there are a little” or “(I) think there are a little.”

II..Action Verbs

Present Tense / Verb Stem + -는 것 같다

이야기하는 것 같아요 = I think they are talking. / They seem to talk to each other

오다[oda]: “to come”
오는 것 같다[oneun geot gatda] i think he comes

모르다[moreuda]: “to not know”
모르는 것 같다[moreuneun geot gatda]: “I think he doesn’t know.”

도착하다[do-chakhada]: “to arrive”
도착하는 것 같다[dochakhaneun geot gatda]: “I think he arrives.”

사다[sada]: “to buy”
사는 것 같다[saneun geot gatayo]:“I think he buys.”

Past Tense / Verb Stem ㄴ 것 같다

이야기한 것 같아요 = I think they told them. / It seems like they talked.

오다[oda]: “to come”  
온 것 같다[on geot gatda]: “I think he came”

모르다[moreuda]: “to not know”  
모른 것 같다[moreun geot gatda]: “I think he didn’t know.”

도착하다[do-chakhada]: “to arrive”
도착한 것 같다[dochakhan geot gatda]: “I think he arrived.”

사다[sada]: “to buy”
산 것 같다[san geot gatayo]:“I think he bought.”

Future Tense /Verb Stem ㄹ/을 것 같다

이야기할 것 같아요 = I think they will talk. / It seems like they will talk.

l verbs omit l

except

The verbs 걷다(to walk), 듣다(to listen), 묻다(to ask), 싣다(to load) are changed to 걸을/들을/물을/실을 + 것 같다

오다[oda]: “to come”  
올 것 같다[ol geot gatda]: “I think he will come”

모르다[moreuda]: “to rise”  
모를 것 같다[moreul geot gatda]: “I think he will know.”

도착하다[do-chakhada]: “to arrive”
도착할 것 같다[dochakhal geot gatda]: “I think he will arrive.”

사다[sada]: “to buy”
살 것 같다[sal geot gatayo]:“I think I’ll buy it.”

neun geos , review 

1. Descriptive verbs
Verb stem + -(으)ㄴ 것

Ex) 예쁘다 [ye-ppeu-da] = to be pretty
예쁜 것 [ye-ppeun geot] = being pretty, something pretty, the thing that is pretty

2. Action verbs -

Present tense Verb stem + -는 것

말하다 [mal-ha-da] = to talk, to speak, to say
말하는 것 [mal-ha-neun geot] = talking, what one is saying, the act of talking

Past tense Verb stem + -(으)ㄴ 것

말한 것 [mal-han geot] = what one said, the fact that one talked -

Future tense Verb stem + -(으)ㄹ 것
말할 것 [mal-hal geot] = what one will say, the fact that one will talk

Sentences

I.Descriptive Verbs

아저씨 집은 비싼 것 같아요.
Ajeossi jip-eun bissan geot gatayo.
Mister, your house seems to be expensive.

성민은 수줍어하는 것 같아.
Seongmin-eun sujubeohaneun geot gata.
Seongmin seems to be shy.

현철은 바쁜 것 같다.
Hyeoncheol-eun bappeun geot gatta.
HyeonCheol seems to be busy.

여기 비싼 것 같아요. [yeo-gi bi-ssan geot ga-ta-yo.]
= I think this place is expensive. = It looks expensive here. = This place seems to be expensive.

그런 것 같아요. [geu-reon geot ga-ta-yo.]
= I think so. = It seems to be so. = It looks like it.
** Verb = 그렇다 (irregular) = to be so, to be that way

이 영화 재미있을 것 같아요. [i yeong-hwa jae-mi-i-sseul geot ga-ta-yo]
= I think this movie will be interesting. = This movie looks like it will be interesting (to watch).

이게 더 좋은 것 같아요. [i-ge deo jo-eun geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think this is better.

(Negation)
오스틴은 아픈 것 같지 않다.
Oseutin-eun apeun geot gatji. anhda
Austin does not seem to be hurt.

오스틴은 아프지 않은 것 같다.
Oseutin-eun apeuji aneun geot gatda.
Austin seems like he is not hurt.

ida

이거 뭐인 것 같아요? [i-geo mwo-in geot ga-ta-yo?] = What do you think this is?

II.Action Verbs

Present Tense

그녀는 오는 것 같아요.
Geunyeoneun oneun geot gatayo.
“I think she comes.”

Past Tense

아들이 온 것 같어.
Adeuri on geot gateo.
“I think my son came.”

도착한 것 같아요.
Dochakhan geot gatayo.
“I think we’ve arrived..”

누가 한 것 같아요? [nu-ga han geot ga-ta-yo?] = Who do you think did it?

4. 이 가방, 여기에서 산 것 같아요. [i ga-bang, yeo-gi-e-seo san geot ga-ta-yo.]
= This bag, it seems like we bought it here. = I think I bought this bag here.

Future Tense

- 오다 ▶ 저는 내일도 올 것 같아요. (I think I’m going to come tomorrow as well.)

.재미있을 것 같은데요? (I think it’ll be fun.)

5. 아마 안 할 것 같아요. [a-ma an hal geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think I probably won’t do it.
= It looks like we are probably not going to do it.

멋있을 것 같아요.I think she would be cool
같이 가면 좋을 것 같아요.If we went together, I think it would be good.
그럴 것 같아요" which means “I assume so.” or “I guess it will be so

살 것 같아요.sal geot gatayo.“I think I’ll buy it.”

곧 도착할 것 같아요. [god do-chak-hal geot ga-ta-yo.]    I think I’ll arrive soon

그는 내일 올 것 같아요. I think he will come tomorrow as well.

이 카페 곧 닫을 것 같아요. I think this cafe is going to close soon.

저는 5시에도 여기에 있을 것 같아요..I think I’ll still be here at 5.

6시에는 여기에 없을 것 같아요. .I think he won’t be here at 6.

올 것 같아 I think he will come
올 것 같아요 I think he will come
올 것 같습니다 I think he will come

Tenses

벌써 한 것 같아요. [beol-sseo han geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think (they/he/she/I/you) already did it. 지금 하는 것 같아요. [ji-geum ha-neun geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think (someone) does/is doing it now. 내일 할 것 같아요. [nae-il hal geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think (someone) will do it tomorrow.

notes

것 + 같다 [gat-da] on its own means “to be the same”
when it is used with other nouns, it means “it is like

학생 같아요. [hak-saeng ga-ta-yo.] =  You look like a student.
저 사람 한국 사람 같아요. [han-guk sa-ram ga-ta-yo.] = He looks like a Korean person.

것이다 is often replaced with 거다. It is a pronunciation change that occurs in natural conversation.

- 었/았/였던 것 같다neun (eu)n , (eu)l deon geos gatda   It seems
-
1.  You can also use it when you have an unclear memory about a past situation. (Often used when talking about when you were younger).
2. Looking at an ancient painting or artifact and trying to make suppositions about how people lived/events that happened a long time ago.
3Making a guess about someone else’s mood in a past situation
4. Making a guess about a previous situation based on the circumstances.

Can be used with not only verbs but also nouns; N이었던/였던 것 같다

-ㄴ/-은 는 감이 있다-n, eun,neun  gami issda   Feel like to seem somewhat….

Formation

Descriptive Verbs  V -ㄴ/은 감이 있다:
Action Verbs

I. Descriptive Verbs

vowel - ㄴ 감이 있다

크다[Keuda]: “to be big”
큰 감이 있다[keun gami itda]: “It’s somewhat big” or “I feel that it is a bit big”

비싸다[bissada]: “to be expensive”
비싼 감이 있다[Bissan gami itda]: ” or “I feel that it is a bit expensive”

consonant -은 감이 있다

작다[jakda]: “to be small”
작은 감이 있다[jageun gami itda]:“It’s somewhat small” or “I feel that it is a bit small”

짧다[jjaltta]: “ to be short”
짧은 감이 있다[jalbeun gami itda]:“It’s somewhat short” or “I feel that it is a bit short”

Sentences

영화가 좀 너무 단순한 감이 있어.
Yeonghwa-ga jom neomu dansunhan gam-i isseo.
- This movie is somewhat too simple.

저 선생님 수업은 지겨운 감이 있어서 싫어요.
Jeo seonsaengnim sueop-eun jigyeoun gam-i isseoseo ireoyo.
- That teacher’s class is kind of boring so I don’t like it.

좀 늦은 감이 있지만…
Jom neujeun gam-i itjiman.
- Although I feel that it’s a bit late…

이 배우는 연기력이 부족한 감이 있어요.
I baeu-neun yeongiryeok-i bujokan gam-i isseoyo
- I feel that this actor is lacking some acting skills.

바가지 쓰는 감이 있지만, 그냥 살래.
Bagaji sseuneun gam-i itjiaman, geunyang sallae.
- I kind of feel that it’s a rip-off, but I’ll still buy it.

100 bolimyeon jogeum bissan gami issneyo
i feel like 100 dollars was a bit too expensive

haru jeone yeyag haneun geoseun neujeun gami issseubnida
i feel like is too late to make a reservation one day before

Notes

감[gam] comes from the Chinese character (感), which means feeling, therefore the phrase is translated like “I feel that it is …” or “I think it’s kind of …

-을거예요(eu)l geoyeyo  I think, I guess I suppose, I think

-ㄹ/을 거야[-l /eul geoya]
-ㄹ/을거예요(eu)l geoyeyo
-ㄹ/을 겁니다[-l / eul geomnida].

This is the same form as the intentional, but is not of the same meaning. While the intentional expresses an intention or a plan to do something in the future, here, when this grammatical structure can express a suppositive or assumptive statement about all tenses.

Formation
▶ Future / Present Tense

vowel -ㄹ 거야 -ㄹ/을거예요(eu)l geoyeyo or  - ㄹ 겁니다

가다[gada] – “to go”

갈 거야[gal geoya] - intimate

갈 거예요[gal geo-yeyo] - standard

갈 겁니다[gal geomnida] - formal

he will probably go there

consonant + -을 거야  or  - 을 겁니다

잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡을 거야[jabeul geoya] - intimate

잡을 거예요[jabeul geo-yeyo] - standard

잡을 겁니다[jabeul geomnida] - formal

“I will probably catch…”

Verb stems ending with ㄹ + -거야  or  - 겁니다

▶ Past Tense

- Verb stem of the past form + -을 거야 or -을 겁니다

가다[gada] – “to go”  
갔다[gatda]: “went”

갔을 거야[gatseul geoya] - intimate

갔을 거예요[gatseul geo-yeyo] - standard

갔을 겁니다[gatseul geomnida] - formal

“(He) probably went…”

잡다[japda] – “to catch”  
잡았다[jabatda]: “caught”

잡았을 거야[jabatseul geosida](intimate)

잡았을 거예요[jabatseul geo-yeyo] (standard)

잡았을 겁니다[jabatseul geomnida] (formal)

“(He) probably caught”

너는 모를 거야.
Neo-neun moreul geo-ya.
- I probably don’t know.

한 시간 정도 걸릴 거야.
Han sigan jeong-do geolril geo-ya.
- I guess it’ll take about an hour.

집에 갔을 거야!
Jib-e gatseul geoya!
- She probably went home.

엄마는 놀랐을 거야.
Eomma-neun nollasseul geo-ya.
- I think my mom was surprised.

나도 내일 영화볼거야.
nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya.
“I’m going to watch a movie tomorrow

나도 내일 영화 볼 거야.
Nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya.
"I will probably watch a movie tomorrow, too.”

-gessneyo/ gesseoyo   You must be

-겠- You can use -겠- to ask someone’s intention, to express what you are going to do, to talk about something that will happen, to show your assumption about something, or to talk about possibilities or capabilities. It is also often used in fixed expressions such as 처음 뵙겠습니다 (= Nice to meet you.) and 잘 먹겠습니다 (= Thank you for the food.).

1. -시겠어요? / -시겠습니까? = “Would you …?” “Would you like to …?” This usage is only used in very formal Korean. In more casual Korean, you would use -(으)ㄹ래 (요)? (Review Level 4 Lesson 2 for this grammar point). The honorific suffix -시- is always used with -겠- in this usage.

어디로 가시겠어요?
[eo-di-ro ga-si-ge-sseo-yo?] = Where would you like to go? Similar: 어디로 갈래(요)?

2. -겠- (used to express one’s intention) = I’m going to …, I’d like to … Mostly used in formal Korean, -겠- can also express one’s intention to do something. In more casual Korean, the same meaning can be expressed through -(으)ㄹ게(요) (Review Level 3 Lesson 6 for this grammar point).

Ex) 제가 하겠습니다. [ je-ga ha-ge-sseum-ni-da] = I’ll do it. 말하지 않겠습니다. [ma-ra-ji an-ke-sseum-ni-da] = I won’t tell you.

3. -겠- (used to express one’s opinion/idea/assumption) = I think, I guess, I assume This is the most common usage of -겠- in casual and everyday conversation in Korean. You can use -겠- to show your opinion or assumption about something or what will happen, but you also give a nuance that you are somewhat careful with your opinion.

Ex) 이게 좋겠어요. [i-ge jo-ke-sseo-yo.] = I think this will be good

4. -겠- used in fixed expressions In addition to the usages above, -겠- is also commonly used in some fixed expressions. Ex) 알겠습니다. [al-ge-sseum-ni-da.] = I got it. I understand.

Ex) 모르겠어요
[mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I don’t get it. I don’t know. I am not sure.

V-na boda   tt 5 4
A(eu)n ga boda It looks like hk 109      tt5 5

we learned that 것 같다 can be used to say that something seems like something else.
It can be used to speculate about or give an uncertain opinion on something in the past, present, or future. Today, we will look at a similar structure.

This is different from 것 같다 in that 것 같다 does not necessarily require the speaker to have observed something to use as the basis of their statement. Let’s learn how to use them.

-(으)ㄴ가 보다
-(으)ㄴ가 보다 can be used with descriptive verbs only in the present tense and with both descriptive and action verbs in the future tense. For the present tense, simply attach -은가 보다 to verb roots ending with consonants and -ㄴ가 보다 to roots ending with vowels. For the future tense, apply the future tense -(으)ㄹ 것이다 to the verb root and then add -(으)ㄴ가 보다 to that. It will come out looking like -(으)ㄹ 것인가 보다 or, to shorten it up, -(으)ㄹ 건가 보다.

PRESENT:

아연 씨는 보통은 고기를 잘 먹는데 오늘은 거의 안 먹네요. 배가 아픈가 봐요. (Ayeon usually loves meat [eats meat well] but today she’s hardly eating. It looks like she has a stomachache.
정원 씨는 시험을 치르는 데 3시간 다 필요했는데 호찬 씨는 1시간 안에 문제를 다 푼 데다가 점수가 잘 나왔어요. 머리가 엄청 좋은가 봐요. (Jeongwon needed the full three hours for the test, but Hochan finished within an hour and got a good score. It looks like he’s really smart [It looks like his head is really good].)
FUTURE:

유정 씨는 오래 전부터 언젠가 미국여행 가겠다고 노래 불렀어요*. 요즘 돈을 많이 모으고 영어를 열심히 공부하고 있는 걸 보니 드디어 갈 건가 봐요. (Yujeong has been saying for a long time that she will travel to the US eventually. Seeing how she’s saving money and studying English hard, it looks like she will finally go.)
일기예보를 듣고 보니 내일도 정말 무더울 건가 봐요. (Listening to the weather report, it looks like tomorrow will be really muggy too.)
*노래를 부르다— While this usually means “to sing (a song),” it is also used as an expression meaning that someone says something over and over.

-나 보다
-나 보다 is used for action verbs in the past and present tense, AND for descriptive verbs in the past tense. It can not be used with the future tense.

PAST:

학교 축구장은 진흙밭이 다 됐네요. 비가 많이 왔나 봐요.
(The school soccer field turned into a mud pit. It looks like it rained a lot.)
아이들이 선생님의 퍼즐을 잘 못 풀었어요. 너무 어려웠나 봐요.
(The children couldn’t solve the teacher’s puzzle. It looks like it was too difficult.)

PRESENT:

동생의 방에서 코 고는 소리가 들려요. 낮잠을 자고 있나 봐요. (The sound of snoring is coming from my younger brother’s room. It looks like he’s napping.)
요리법을 읽고 보니 이거 만드는 데 40분이나 걸리나 봐요. 우리 시간이 있어요? (Looking at the recipe, it looks like it takes about 40 minutes to make this. Do we have time?)

-na haessda  s.unten
-V + 는/ㄴ/은 + 가 했다(eu)n ga haessda I thought that  not found

Verb + 나 했다  : This pattern is equivalent to the phrase I wondered why/where/how ~

왜 그 여자가 화가 났나 했어.  I wonder why that girl got angry
영화가 몇 시에 시작하나 했어.I wonder when the movie starts.
어젯밤 왜 날 안 전화했나 했어. I wonder why he didn’t call last night.
왜 그 여자가 울고 있었나 했어요. I wonder why that girl was crying.

~(으)ㄴ걸(요)-(eu)l  geolyo   I bet, think

noun ~인걸(요) =
verb ~(으)ㄴ걸(요),

열쇠는 니가 가진걸, 나한테 왜 물어봐? = you have the keys, why are you asking me?
너무 늦게 왔어. 표가 다 팔린걸 = I came too late. The tickets were all sold out .
저는 정신이 멀쩡한 걸요 = I’m as sober as I can be.
왜 나를 떠나? 너는 나의 처음이자 마지막인걸 = Why are you leaving me? You are my first and last.

~(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) = shows regret
공부를 더 열심히 할 걸 = I should have studied more.
나도 생일파티에 갈걸 그랬다 = If only I went to the party.
그 여자한테 전화번호를 물어볼 걸 그랬다 = I wish I asked her phone number.
미안해. 너한테 미리 말을 할 걸 = Sorry. I should have told you before.
학교에 안올걸 = I wish I did not came to school.
그 영화 재밌어? 나도 같이 볼걸 그랬다 = Is the movie good? I wish I watched it with you, too.

~(으)ㄹ걸요, ~았/었을걸요 = unconfirmed assumption or proposition, probably

(*this is use only in speaking with friends, never written)

진영 씨는 똑똑할걸요 = JinYoung is probably pretty smart
드라마 배우 일걸요 = He’s probably a drama star.
여기에 앉을걸 = I guess you could sit here.
그 분은 게을렀을걸요 = He was probably just lazy.
책을 읽었을걸요 = I probably read that book.
그 책은 외국 학생이 읽기에 좀 어려울걸요 = I guess that book probably will be difficult for foreign student to read.

-(eu)l ggayo?Do you think

s. intentions

-(eu)l jido moreudaNot sure if

Adjective/Verb + (으)ㄹ지도 모르다: This pattern is equivalent to the phrase ‘it might ~’ or ‘it may ~.’

비가 올지도 몰라요 It might rain
시험에 떨어질지도 몰라. It might fail the exam.
지은이는 도서관에 있지도 몰라.  JiEun may be in library.

-(eu)l  tende   I guess that hk 100

Iyou learned that sentences in this form most likely end with the final verb being conjugated in this form: ~았/었을 것이다.

날씨가 좋았더라면 저는 공원에 갔을 거예요 = If it was nice out, I would have gone
날씨가 좋았더라도 저는 공원에 안 갔을 거예요  = Even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone

제가 돈이 있었더라면 그것을 샀을 거예요 = If I had money, I would have bought that
제가 돈이 있었더라도 그것을 안 샀을 거예요 = Even if I had money, I wouldn’t have bought that

In each of these cases, whenever you have an “if” or “even if” sentence in the past, followed by a clause that would have happened (or not happened), you can replace 거예요 with 텐데(요). For example:

날씨가 좋았더라면 저는 공원에 갔을 텐데요 = If it was nice out, I would have gone
날씨가 좋았더라도 저는 공원에 안 갔을 텐데요  = Even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone

제가 돈이 있었더라면 그것을 샀을 텐데요 = If I had money, I would have bought that
제가 돈이 있었더라도 그것을 안 샀을 텐데요 = Even if I had money, I wouldn’t have bought that

This can also be done when the “if/even if” sentence is in the present tense as well, but only if the second clause is a supposition that would happen if the first clause were true. For example:

내가 돈이 있으면 그것을 살 텐데 = I would buy that if I had money

When 텐데 is used in a sentence, it is done because the speaker has a certain feeling that he/she wants to express. It is very hard to express a feeling in words, and especially one that is elicited from the use of a word in a foreign language, but I will try my best to explain this feeling to you.

It makes sense to me to split up this feeling and describe them in different sections. The thing is, the feeling“텐데” has is actually a combination of all of these descriptions, but I feel that different situations elicit a slightly different feeling. Therefore, after reading all of my descriptions below, realize that 텐데 is actually a combination of all of those feelings.

————————————————————————-

For sentences that have “if…” in the past tense, the reason for using 텐데 (vs. not using it) is very subtle. For example, in these two sentences:

날씨가 좋았더라면 저는 공원에 갔을 거예요 = If it was nice out, I would have gone
날씨가 좋았더라면 저는 공원에 갔을 텐데요 = If it was nice out, I would have gone

Their meanings are virtually the same. However, in the sentence with “텐데”, there is a slight nuance/feeling of regret. There is no way I can translate this into words, but it is there. Because of this, you typically only see this type of sentence when you want to express this nuance/feeling. There, a sentence with a similar structure but no feeling of regret should typically would not use 텐데. For example:

뛰다가 조심하지 않았다면 넘어졌을 거예요 = If I wasn’t careful when I was running, I would have fallen

Here, under most situations, it would be strange to write that sentence like this:
뛰다가 조심하지 않았다면 넘어졌을 텐데요

————————————————————————-

For sentences that have “even if…” in the past or present tense, the reason for using 텐데 (vs. not using it) is also very subtle. For example, in these two sentences:

날씨가 좋았더라도 저는 공원에 안 갔을 거예요 = Even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone
날씨가 좋았더라도 저는 공원에 안 갔을 텐데요 = Even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone

Their meanings are virtually the same. However, in the sentence with “텐데”, there is a slight nuance/feeling of being annoyed. This is technically the same as the feeling of “regret” in my description above, but it feels closer to an annoying feeling when used with ~더라도. For example:

날씨가 좋았더라도 저는 공원에 안 갔을 텐데요 = Even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone
제가 돈이 있었더라도 그것을 안 샀을 텐데요 = Even if I had money, I wouldn’t have bought that

Again, it is very hard to translate this specific feeling of “텐데”, but its addition brings the translation closer to something like:

Ugh, even if it was nice out, I still wouldn’t have gone, and
Ugh, even if I had money, I wouldn’t have bought that

————————————————————————-

For sentences that have “if” in the present tense, the reason for using 텐데 (vs. not using it) is also very subtle. For example, in these two sentences:

음식이 더 있으면 좋을 거야 = It would be good if there was more food
음식이 더 있으면 좋을 텐데 = It would be good if there was more food

Their meanings are virtually the same. However, in the sentence with “텐데”, there is a slight nuance/feeling of “oh, that’s too bad”. This is technically the same as the feeling of “regret” and “being annoyed” in my descriptions above, but it feels closer to a “that’s too bad” feeling when used with “if” in the present tense like this. Again, it is very hard to translate the specific use of “텐데”, but its addition bring the translation closer to something like:

음식이 더 있으면 좋을 텐데 = Oh, it’s too bad there isn’t more food, because if there were, I would eat it

Here’s another example:

친구가 빨리 왔으면 좋을 텐데 = Ugh, I wish my friend would come quickly/It would be nice if my friend came quickly

Remember what I said at the beginning of these descriptions – the feeling that I’m trying to describe is actually a combination of all of these… all taken on by one word. I’m trying to compartmentalize them, but try to realize that they’re actually all the same feeling. Because of that, any sentence using 텐데 could have any of these feelings, it’s really up to the mood and context of the sentence. For example, in this sentence:

날씨가 좋더라도 나는 갈 수 없어 = Even if the weather is nice, I can’t go
날씨가 좋더라도 나는 갈 수 없을 텐데 = Even if the weather is nice, I can’t go

The purpose of using “텐데” in the second example is to express this nuance/feeling. What is the feeling? Well, it’s a combination of regret (maybe less so), and being annoyed and saying “oh, that’s too bad”. You’ll see this same feeling talked about in the next section, but in that section I talk about it being used as a “worry” feeling.

-ㄹ/을 텐데’ eul tende I am afraid that, I suppose that   It might have been

Formation

Present or Past Verb Stem + ㄹ/을 텐데 [tende] - “it would/could/should/might be or have been”

examples

많다 “to be many/much”
많을 텐데 “there could be many/much”

만날 텐데 “could meet”

Sentences

지금은 여름이라 수영장에 사람들이 많을 텐데…
Jigeumeun yeoreum-ira suyeongjange saramdeuli maneultende…
“There could be many people in the swimming pool since it is summer…”

거기에 가면 그를 만날 텐데…
Geogie gamyeon geureul man-nal tende…
“You could meet him if you go there…”

동대문에 가면 다양한 옷들을 볼 텐데…
Dongdaemune dayanghan maneun ot-deuleul bol tende…
“(We) could see various types of clothing if you go to Dongdaemun…”

작년에 그 수영장에 갔었다면 많은 사람들을 보았었을 텐데…
Jang-nyeone geu su-yeongjang-e gasseotdamyeon maneun saramdeureul bo-asseosseul tende…
“(You) should have seen many people if you went to that swimming pool last year…”

By placing ~ㄹ/을 텐데 at the end of a sentence, you can indicate that you suppose or expect something to be the case. This is typically done when the speaker is not the acting agent (the subject/topic) in the sentence. For example:

비가 올 텐데 = It will probably rain (I suppose that it will rain)
날씨가 추울 텐데 = The weather will probably be cold
그가 집에 없을 텐데 = He probably won’t be home

difference between those sentences, and the following sentences:”

비가 올 것 같아 = It will probably rain
추울 것 같아 = The weather will probably be cold
그가 집에 없을 것 같아 = He probably won’t be home

When you use ~ㄹ/을 텐데, you are slightly more sure of something happening (sort of like the difference between (“I might,” and “I will probably.)

When you use ~ㄹ/을 텐데, you are indicating a very slight feeling of being worried, annoyed, thinking “too bad” (where appropriate depending on the context).
For example, in the sentence:

추울 텐데 = The weather will probably be cold…

You are indicating that the weather will probably be cold – and, as a result of that – you are a little bit worried or irritated (depending on the context).

More examples:

그 식당이 이미 닫았을 텐데 = The restaurant is probably already closed

퇴근시간이라서 길이 막힐 텐데 = The roads will probably be jammed because it is rush hour

Using ~ㄹ/을 텐데 (or ~ㄹ/을 테니까) in the middle of a sentence

you can use this usage of ~ㄹ/을 텐데 to connect two clauses as well. The meaning it takes when used like this is “it is probable that… so.” For example:

그 식당이 이미 닫았을 텐데 가지 말자 = The restaurant will probably already be closed, so let’s not go
길이 막힐 텐데 지하철로 가자 = The roads will probably be jammed, so let’s take the subway
우유가 없을 텐데 하나만 사세요 = We probably don’t have any milk, so buy one

Just by the nature of the first clause, the second clause is usually some sort of a suggestion. However, not always:

부장님이 없었을 텐데 그래도 부장님을 만나러 회사에 갔어요?  = The boss probably wasn’t there, regardless, did you go to work to meet him?

Also notice that these constructions are essentially the same as:

~ㄹ/을 것 같아서

For example:

길이 막힐 텐데 지하철로 가자 = The roads will probably be jammed, so let’s take the subway
길이 막힐 것 같아서 지하철로 가자 = The roads will probably be jammed, so let’s take the subway

Using ~ㄹ/을 테니까 in this way creates a very similar (if not identical) meaning to ~ㄹ/을 텐데:

길이 막힐 테니까 지하철로 가자 = The roads will probably be jammed, so let’s take the subway
그 식당이 이미 닫았을 테니까 가지 말자 = The restaurant will probably already be closed, so let’s not go
우유가 없을 테니까 하나만 사세요 = We probably don’t have any milk, so buy one

Other examples:
학생들이 이 내용을 이해하지 못할 테니까 이 내용까지만 하세요 = The students probably won’t understand this content, so just teach them only up until this point
학생들이 이 내용을 이해하지 못할 텐데 이 내용까지만 하세요 = The students probably won’t understand this content, so just teach them only up until this point

You can also use both of these ~ㄹ/을 텐데 and ~ㄹ/을 테니까 to indicate that you are going to (or intend to) do something – and the second clause reflects that.

Now, you will often see sources indicating that it is acceptable to use either ~ㄹ/을 텐데 or ~ㄹ/을 테니까 to express this usage of “intention.” It is more common and more natural to use ~ㄹ/을 테니까 and not ~ㄹ/을 텐데. Note that this only applies to this one specific meaning of “intention.” Some examples:

지금 갈 테니까 조금 더 기다려 주세요 = I’m going to leave now, so wait just a little bit longer
제가 돈을 많이 벌 테니까 걱정하지 마세요 = I am going to earn a lot of money, so don’t worry

You could also, in theory, end a sentence with this usage. However, you should treat these as incomplete sentences, and they can only really be used when the second clause can be assumed from context. This is similar to ending a sentence with “아/어서.” For example:

걱정 마. 내가 돈을 많이 벌 거라서… = Don’t worry. Because I’m going to earn a lot of money.
걱정 마. 내가 돈을 많이 벌 테니까… = Don’t worry. Because I’m going to earn a lot of money

Notes

The Structure of 텐데 [tende]
텐데 basically comes from 터 + 이 + ㄴ데 → 터인데 [teoinde] → 텐데 [tende]
- 터 is 'a dependable noun’ that indicates “a (previous) expectation, presumption, will (intention), and a state (condition)” of a speaker”.  
- 이 is 'the stem of a word’
- ㄴ데 is 'the ending of a word’
- therefore, 터 + 이 + ㄴ데 becomes 터인데 [teoinde] = 텐데 [tende] “it would/could/should/might be or have been”
Second, now let’s take a look at the conjuagation rules

.ttk 9 16

으)ㄹ 테니까 -할테니까-eultenikka, -haltenikka I will do -, so  I suppose

Formation

V/S + ㄹ /을 테니까

vowel  ㄹ 테니까

도와주다 [dowajuda] “to help / to assist”
도와주 + ㄹ 테니까
도와줄 테니까 “I will help, so…”

놀다 [nolda] “to play”
놀 + 테니까 놀 테니까
“I will play, so…”

consonant  을 테니까

넣다 [neo-ta] “to put /
넣 + 을 테니까
넣을 테니까 “I will put, so…”

Sentences

1.
It means “will” when the speaker “I” is talking about the speaker’s own action because the speaker “I” is sure of it

내가 도와 줄 테니까 걱정하지 마. [도와주다 “to help” → 도와줄 테니까 “I will help (you), so…” ]
Naega dowajul tenikka geokjeonghaji ma.
“I will help you, so don’t worry.”

내가 갈 테니까 기달려.  [가다 “to go"→ 갈 테니까 "I will go, so…”]
Naega gal tenikka gidalryeo.
“I will be there, so wait (for me).”

2.
indicates 'probable actions/outcomes’ when the subject is someone (or something) other than “I”
It means “probably” because the sentence is talking about other peoples actions; so it’s more of a guess/presumption

조만간 비가 올 테니까 우산 가지고 와야해. [(비가) 오다"to come"→ 올 테니까 “The rain is probably coming, so…”]
Jo-man-gan biga ol tenikka u-san gajigo wa-yaha.
“It’s probably raining sooner or later, so you should bring an umbrella with you.”

아이가 놀 테니까 자리를 비켜주자. [놀다"to play"→ 놀 테니까 “A boy (baby) is probably playing, so…”]
Ai-ga nol tenikka jarireul bikyeojuja.
“A baby is probably playing (here), so let’s give him a room to play.”

곧 기름을 다 넣을 테니까 갈 준비를 하자. [넣다 “to put"→ 넣을 테니까 "He/she is probably putting, so…”]
Got gireum-eul da neoeul tenikka gal junbireul haja.
“The car is probably filled up with gas soon, so be prepared to drive.”

expresses a connection between two actions, one being a reason / background / condition for the other.
There are many other ways to say “so” and “therefore,” but you use this structure when you want to say that you will do something or something will take place, so you want the other person to do something accordingly, or you want something else to happen as a result.

The word 터 means “place,” “condition,” “position,” or “status,”
so the entire structure literally means “things are in a status where…” or “things are in a way that _____ something, therefore you do ______.”
So you can use this structure when you want to express that you are doing or going to do something as a result or in reaction to something else or that you want someone to do something in reaction to something.

Original meaning
-테니(까) comes from the combination of 터 and -이니(까). 터 means a “place”, “site”, “lot”,
“ground”, or “foundation”.
There are mainly two usages for this structure:
1. When you are offering to do something and you ask the listener to do something else in
return. What you ask of the other person doesn’t always have to be a favor that you want; it
can also be something that you want them to do for their own good. Therefore, -(으)ㄹ 테니(까)
is often translated as “I will do this, so in return, I want you to do this”. As a result, you can notuse this structure for all situations where you say “therefore” or “so”.
Example
이건 제가 할 테니까, 걱정하지 말고 쉬세요.
= I will do this, so don’t worry and get some rest.
In the sentence above, you are offering to take care of something and telling the other person
to go get some rest. You cannot use the same structure about someone else doing the same
thing. For example, “이건 석진 씨가 할 테니까, 걱정하지 말고 쉬세요” is not a natural sentence.

If you want to say something like “Seokjin will take care of this, so don’t worry” in Korean
either just use the -을 거니까 ending and say “진 씨가 할 거니까”, or you can keep yourself
as the subject of the sentence by saying “이건 석진 씨한테 하라고 할 테니까”, meaning “I will
ask Seokjin to do this, so…”.

2. When you are making an assumption and are almost certain about something, you can use
this structure to mean “I assume/think/believe that this will happen/is happening, so let’s do
this/please do this.” Even when you are talking about a present state or action, since you’re assuming
and WILL have to check to see if you’re right, it’s always in the future tense.
Example
밖에 추울 테니까 나가지 마세요.
= It must be cold outside, so don’t go out.
If you are NOT making an assumption and just saying a plainly known fact, you can use the -(
으)니까 structure and just say “밖에 추우니까”. The -(으)ㄹ 테니(까) structure is often used together
with -(으)면, which means “if”. For example, if you say “지금 밖에 나가면 추울 테니까”, it
means “if you go outside now, it will be cold, so…”
Sample Sentences
1. 제가 점심 살 테니까, 경화 씨가 커피 사세요.
= I will buy lunch, so Kyung-hwa, you buy the coffee.
2. 저는 먼저 갈 테니까, 나중에 오세요.
= I will go first, so you come late

나머지는 제가 할 테니까, 먼저 퇴근하세요.
= I’ll do the rest, so please go home first.
4. 저는 뛰어갈 테니까, 효진 씨는 택시 타고 오세요.
= I’ll run, so Hyojin, you take a taxi.
5. 갑자기 찾아가면 놀랄 테니까, 전화를 할까요?
= If we visit her suddenly, she’ll be surprised, so shall we call her

~(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다-neun (eu)n/eul moyang ida  It appears that

Formation

Noun

(present) 인 모양이다
(past)였단/이였단 모양이다

Descriptive Verb Tenses

(present)~(으)ㄴ 모양이다
past)~았/었단 모양이다 (
(future)~(으)ㄹ 모양이다

Action Verb Tenses

~는 모양이다 (present)
~(으)ㄴ 모양이다 (past)
~(으)ㄹ 모양이다 (future)

지금 학생들이 바이올린을 연습 하는 모양이야.
I guess the students are practicing violin now.

방에 영화 DVD가 있는 걸 보니까 밤늦게까지 영화를 본 모양이에요.
Seeing that there are some DVDs in his room, I guess he watched movies until late at night.

이 컴퓨터가 느린 모양이야.
I guess this computer is slow

Sometimes ~(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니까 is used earlier in  sentences with ~(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 in order to express the basis upon which the guess or inference is made.  
모양 literally means “shape” or “appearance.“
~(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 cannot describe something the speaker did herself or himself.  
Nor can it be used when the basis for the guess or inference is not a fact.  
So, it cannot be used for subjective feelings or beliefs.  
Instead, ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 is usually more appropriate in those contexts.

-neun (eu)n/eul jul arda/ moreudada   I think, I know

Formation
(present tense)Verb stem + -는 줄 알다
(past tense)Verb stem + -ㄴ 줄 알다
(future tenseVerb stem + -ㄹ/을 줄 알다 )

-neun (eu)n/eul jul arassda/ morrassda   I thought, I knew

줄 알았다 I thought that
But we can also use this structure to mean "to have known something,” so the meaning changes depending on the intonation of the sentence in which we use this structure.

For example, we can translate 집에 있는 줄 알다 in two different ways. When the emphasis is on 알다 (“to know”), the sentence means “to know that he/she is at home,” and when the emphasis is on 집에 있는 (“to be at home”), the sentence means “to wrongly think that he/she is at home.” So it is important to pay attention to the intonation of the sentence when you use this structure.

Sentences

아무도 안 올 줄 알았어요.
amudo an ol jul arasseoyo.
“I thought nobody would come.”

오늘이 일요일인 줄 알았어요.
oneul-i iryoil-in jul arasseoyo.
“I thought it was Sunday today.”

저만 늦은 줄 알았어요.
jeo-man neujeun jul arasseoyo.
“I thought I was the only one who was late.”

그렇게 하면 안 되는 줄 알았어요.
geureoke hamyeon an doeneun jul arasseoyo.
“I thought I wasn’t supposed to do that.”

시험이 어려울 줄 알았어요.
siheom-i eoryeo-ul jul arasseoyo.
“I thought the exam would be difficult.”

Notes
We can replace 알다with 모르다 (“to not know”) to mean “do not know that…”
For Example:
1. 시험이 어려울 줄 알았어요.
“I thought the exam would be difficult.”
2. 시험이 어려울 줄 몰랐어요.
“I didn’t know the exam would be difficult.”
3. 시험이 어려울 줄 알았어요. (with emphasis on 알았어요)
“I knew the exam would be difficult.”
시험이 어려울 거라고 생각 안 했어요.
“I didn’t think the exam would be difficult

..neunji moreugessda   htsk 30Not sure

저는 친구가 어디 가는지 몰라요 = I don’t know where my friend is going

It is also worth pointing out here that the future tense ~겠다 is commonly added to 모르다 in these types of sentences. When 모르다 is used like this (as “모르겠다”), it does not have a future tense meaning. Rather, it is just a common (and slightly more polite) way to say that one “does not know something.” Therefore, it would be more common to see the sentence above written/spoken as:

저는 친구가 어디 가는지 모르겠어요 = I don’t know where my friend is going

-나 보다 [-na bo-da]= I assume, I suppose, I guess

Descriptive Verbs
present-(으)ㄴ가 보다 [-(eu)n-ga bo-da]
past 았/었/였나 봐요

Action verbs
[present tense] Verb stem + -나 보다 [-na bo-da]
[past tense] Verb stem + -았/었/였 + -나 보다 [-at/eot/yeot + -na bo-da]

-나 보다 is only used with action verbs. For descriptive verbs, you need to use a different structure, which we will introduce in the next lesson

This is usually only used when you are talking about people other than yourself. But when you talk about yourself using this -나 보다 structure, you are referring to yourself as a third person, making assumptions about why or how you have done something. Ex) I guess you don’t like coffee. Ex) I guess I never heard about it.

Conjugation  

하다 = to do
하 + -나 보다 = 하나 보다 [ha-na bo-da] = I guess they do + something
→ [present tense] 하나 봐요.
→ [past tense] 했나 봐요
(For future tense, you need to use a different structure,.)

Examples:
모르다 [mo-reu-da] = to not know
모르나 봐요. [mo-reu-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he(she/they) don’t know.
[past tense] 몰랐나 봐요. [mol-lat-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he(she/they) didn’t know.

없다 [eop-da] = to be not there, to not exist
없나 봐요. [eop-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he(she/they/it) is not there.
[past tense] 없었나 봐요. [eop-seot-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he(she/they/it) wasn’t there.

재미있다 [jae-mi-it-da] = to be fun, to be interesting
재미있나 봐요. [jae-mi-it-na bwa-yo.] = I guess it’s fun. / I suppose it’s interesting.
[past tense] 재미있었나 봐요. [jae-mi-i-sseot-na bwa-yo.] = I guess it was fun.

사다 [sa-da] = to buy
사나 봐요. [sa-na bwa-yo.]
[past tense] 샀나 봐요. [sat-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he(she/they) bought.

sentences:
효진 씨는 아직 모르나 봐요.
[hyo-jin ssi-neun a-jik mo-reu-na bwa-yo.]
= I guess Hyojin still doesn’t know.

아무도 없나 봐요. [a-mu-do eop-na bwa-yo.] = I guess there’s no one there.

고장났나 봐요. [go-jang-nat-na bwa-yo.] = I guess it broke

descriptive verbs-(으)ㄴ가 보다 [-(eu)n-ga bo-da]

예쁘다 → 예쁜가 보다 (I guess it’s pretty …)
비싸다 → 비싼가 보다 (I guess it’s expensive …)
작다 → 작은가 보다 (I guess it’s small …)

For -이다 [-i-da] (= to be):
-이다 changes to -인가 보다

* Note that -이다 is not a descriptive verb on its own but it is usually combined with nouns to make a descriptive statement, so it is followed by -ㄴ가 보다.

Commonly accepted exceptions and irregularities
Even though the rule is that action verbs are followed by -나 보다 and descriptive verbs are followed by -(으)ㄴ가 보다, Korean people often use -나 보다 for descriptive verbs too, when the verb stem ends with a last consonant. You can’t use -(으)ㄴ가 보다 for action verbs, but you will often hear Korean people using -나 보다 with descriptive verbs.

Ex) 작다 [jak-da] = to be small
Originally, 작 has to be followed by -(으)ㄴ가 보다 because it is a descriptive verb.
작은가 보다 [ja-geun-ga bo-da] = I guess it’s small.
But people often say 작나 보다 [jak-na bo-da] to mean the same thing

Exceptions
When the descriptive verb is composed of a noun and the verb 있다 [it-da] or 없다 [eop-da], i.e. 재미있다, 맛있다, 재미없다 or 맛없다,
you need to add -나 봐요 after 있 or 없.
재미있다 → 재미있나 봐요 / 재미있었나 봐요

sentences

학생이 많아요. [hak-saeng-i ma-na-yo.] = There are a lot of students.
→ 학생이 많은가 봐요. [hak-saeng-i ma-neun-ga bwa-yo.] = I guess there are a lot of students.
→ 학생이 많았나 봐요. [hak-saeng-i ma-nat-na bwa-yo.] = I guess there were a lot of students.
요즘 바빠요. [yo-jeum ba-ppa-yo.] = He’s busy these days.
→ 요즘 바쁜가 봐요. [yo-jeum ba-ppeun-ga bwa-yo.] = I guess he’s busy these days.
→ 바빴나 봐요. [ba-ppat-na bwa-yo.] = I guess he was busy.

그래요. [geu-rae-yo.] = It is so. That’s right.
→ 그런가 봐요. [geu-reon-ga bwa-yo.] = I guess so.

이쪽이 더 빨라요. [i-jjo-gi deo ppal-la-yo.] = This way is faster.
→ 이쪽이 더 빠른가 봐요. [i-jjo-gi deo ppa-reun-ga bwa-yo.] = I guess this way is faster

-(으)려나 보다  i guess it will…For future

Construction:

Action Verbs: -(으)려나 보다

expressing your assumption about a future action that you “assume” someone is going to take or something that you “assume” will happen.
For a similar meaning, you can use -(으)ㄹ 것 같다, but -(으)ㄹ 것 같다 generally has a stronger meaning than -(으)려나 보다, and you sound more certain of your statement when you use -(으)ㄹ 것 같다.  

Examples:
닫다 [dat-da] = to close
닫 + -으려나 보다 = 닫으려나 보다
→ 닫으려나 봐요. [da-deu-ryeo-na bwa-yo.] = I guess they are going to close it. / It looks like they want to close it.

* 닫을 것 같아요. [da-deul geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think they will close it.

걸어가다 [geo-reo-ga-da] = to walk somewhere
걸어가 + -려나 보다 = 걸어가려나 보다
→ 걸어가려나 봐요. [geo-reo-ga-ryeo-na bwa-yo.] = It looks like he is going to walk there.

* 걸어갈 것 같아요. [geo-reo gal geot ga-ta-yo.] = I think he will walk there.

** Note that you cannot use -(으)려나 보다 for descriptive verbs, since you can’t have an intention for “being” in a state. You can talk about “becoming + adjective” or about your effort for getting in a certain state, but not for generally describing a state that you ARE definitely in.

sentences

카페 문을 닫으려나 봐요. [ka-pe mu-neul da-deu-ryeo-na bwa-yo.]
[Original verb: 닫다 = to close] = It looks like they are going to close the cafe.
지금 시작하려나 봐요. [ ji-geum si-ja-ka-ryeo-na bwa-yo.] [Original verb: 시작하다 = to start] = It looks like they are going to start now.

-게 되어 있다 (-ge doe-eo itda). This structure literally means that something is "built to be in a certain way”

알다 (alda) “to know”
알 + 게 되어 있다 = 알게 되어 있다 (alge doe-eo itda) “to be bound to know”

때가 되면 알게 되어 있어요. ttae-ga doemyeon alge doe-eo isseoyo.
“You will naturally get to know it when time comes.”

열심히 하는 사람은 성공하게 되어 있어요.
yeolsimhi haneun saram-eun seonggong-hage doe-eo isseoyo.
“Those who work hard are bound to be successful.”

아이들은 저절로 크게 되어 있어요.
aideul-eun jeojeollo keuge doe-eo isseoyo.
“Children are bound to grow well on their own. (So don’t worry too much about them.)”

-고 들었다-go deureotda I heard that-.

The main verb is 듣다 (deutda), which means “to listen” or “to hear.” …
고 (…go) is a verb ending that works like quotation marks.
We usually use the verb 들었다 (deureotda) in the past tense to mean “I heard,” and together, …고 들었다 (go deureotda) means “I heard that…”

Formation
( what you heard) + 고 들었다.

“이 책이 재미있다.”  i chaeki naemiitda - “This book is interesting.”

이 책이 재미있다 + 고 들었다  
-> 이 책이 재미있다고 들었다. i chaeki naemiitdago deureotda

I heard that this book is interesting.

“그는 한국에 갔다.”  geuneun hangeuke gatda - “He went to Korea.”

그는 한국에 갔다 + 고 들었다
-> 그는 한국에 갔다고 들었다. geuneun hangeuke gatdago deureotda

I heard that he went to Korea.

Note: When quoting a phrase, we use -(ㄴ)다고 ((n)dago) for almost all verbs, but the verb 이다 (ida), which means “to be,” takes the form of -(이)라고 ((i)rago). Since the future tense -ㄹ/을 것이다 (l/eul geos-ida) ends in 이다 (ida), the sentence ends in -(이)라고 들었다 ((i)rago deureotda).

Sentences

Past tense:

서울에도 눈 왔다고 들었어.
seoul-e-do nun watdago deureosseo.
“I heard that it was snowing in Seoul, too.”

Future tense:

서울에도 눈 올 거라고 들었어.
seoul-e-do nun ol geo-rago deureosseo.
“I heard that it would snow in Seoul, too.”

-는 줄 알다, -는 줄 모르다-neun jul alda, -neun jul moreuda didn’t know that, I thought

The ending verb is usually 알다 (alda - to know) or 모르다 (moreuda - do not know) and it follows -ㄴ/은/는 줄 (n/eun/neun jul). So the entire structure means “to know/not know that …” or “to think/not expect that …”

Formation
Verb stem + ㄴ/은/는 줄 알다/모르다 (n/eun/neun jul alda/moreuda)

Present Tense, use -ㄴ/는 줄 알다/모르다
Past Tense, use -ㄴ/은 줄 알다/모르다.

present)

저를 기다리는 줄 몰랐어요. (jeo-reul gidarineun jul mollasseoyo) “I didn’t know you were waiting for me.”

past
저를 기다린 줄 몰랐어요. (jeo-reul gidarin jul mollasseoyo) “I didn’t know you had waited for me.”

Sentences

내일이 일요일인 줄 몰랐어요.
naeil-i ilyoil-in jul mollasseoyo.
“I didn’t know it was Sunday tomorrow.”

어제가 일요일인 줄 몰랐어요.
eoje-ga ilyoil-in jul mollasseoyo.
“I didn’t know it was Sunday yesterday.”

어제가 일요일인 줄 알았어요.
eoje-ga ilyoil-in jul arasseoyo.
“I thought it was Sunday yesterday.”

두 사람이 같이 가는 줄 몰랐어요.
du saram-i gachi ganeun jul mollasseoyo.
“I didn’t know the two of them were going together.”

두 사람이 같이 가는 줄 알았어요.
du saram-i gachi ganeun jul arasseoyo.
“I thought the two of them were going together.”

두 사람이 같이 간 줄 몰랐어요.
du saram-i gachi gan jul mollasseyo.
“I thought the two of them had gone together.”

Notes
When using -ㄴ/은 줄 알다 in the past tense, it is mostly translated as “I thought it had been …” or “I thought it was…” and when you wanted to say “I knew it was…” or “I knew it had been” more clearly, you can say -ㄴ/은 줄 알고 있다, although it can still mean either one depending on the intonation of the speaker.
Ex) 내 생일인 줄 알았어? (nae saeng-il-in jul arasseo?) “Did you think it was my birthday?”
Ex) 내 생일인 줄 알고 있었어? (nae saeng-il-in jul algo isseosseo?) “Did you know that it was my birthday?”

-야 할지 모르다-ya halji moreuda don’t know whether or not should do something

Formation

Noun(을/를) + 할지 모르다 [halji moreuda] “not know whether (subject) would do (noun)”
Verb Stem + (어/아/여)야 할지 모르다

돌아가다 [dolagada]“to return / to go back”
돌아가 + 야 할지 모르다
돌아가야 할지 모르다 “do not know whether or not I should return (go back)”

하다 [hada]“to do”
하 + 어야 할지 모르다
해야(하어야) 할지 모르다 “do not know whether or not I should do it”

Sentences

차가 막혀서 다시 돌아가야 할지 모르겠네…
Chaga makhyeoseo dasi dolagaya halji moreugetne…
“Because of heavy traffic, I do not know whether or not (we should) go back the way we came…”

이 드라마를 봐야 할지 안 봐야 할지 모르겠네…
I deuramareul bwaya halji an bwaya halji moreugetne…
“I am not sure whether or not I should watch this T.V. show…”

이것을 해야 할지 안 해야 할지 모르겠네… 아버지께 물어볼까?
Igeoseul haeya halji an haeya halji moreugetne… abeojikke muleobokka?
“I do not know whether or not I should do this…Should I ask my dad about this”

Notes
Noun(을/를) + 할지 모르다 [halji moreuda] “not know whether (subject) would do (noun)”

허락 [heorak] “permission”
허락(을) + 할지 모르다
허락을 할지 모르다 “not know whether or not (subject) will give me permission”

수업 [su-eop] “a lesson / class”
수업(을) + 할지 모르다
수업을 할지 모르다 “not sure whether or not (subject) will start a lesson”

판매 [panmae] “sales”
판매(를) + 할지 모르다
판매를 할지 모르다 “not know whether or not (subject) will go on sale”

-(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요- I’m not sure if …

Present Tense = -(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요.
Past Tense = -았/었/였는지 잘 모르겠어요.
Future Tense = -(으)ㄹ지 잘 모르겠어요. = -(으)ㄹ 건지 잘 모르겠어요.

The word for “to be sure” or “to be certain” in Korean is 확실하다 [hwak-si-ra-da].
Therefore, the literal translation of “to not be sure” is 확실하지 않다 [hwak-si-ra-ji an-ta], but this form is not commonly used in everyday spoken Korean.

Are you sure?”
When asking someone if they are sure or certain of something, you can still use the word 확실 하다 and say
“확실해요?” [hwak-si-rae-yo?].
Or, sometimes you can say “정말이에요?” [jeongma-ri-e-yo?] “Are you serious?” or “Is that real?”.

“I’m not sure”
The most natural Korean expression for “I’m not sure” is “잘 모르겠어요” [jal mo-reu-ge-sseoyo].
The word 모르다 means “to not know”
잘 몰라요” it means “I don’t know well.” or “I don’t know much (about it).”
The suffix -겠- adds the nuance of assumption or intention (-겠- .),
so 모르겠어요, you mean “I don’t seem to know” or “I would like to know, but I really don’t.” 잘 모르겠어요 means the same thing as
모르겠어요 because you don’t actually need the word “잘” there, but “잘 모르겠어요” is a common and fixed expression used by many Korean people to mean “I’m not sure” or “I don’t know for sure.

You can use interrogative words (when/what/where/how/who/why/which) with this structure, too.

Present Tense = -(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요.

이거 누구 책인지 잘 모르겠어요. [i-geo nu-gu chae-gin-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure whose book this is.

Past Tense = -았/었/였는지 잘 모르겠어요.

다 끝났는지 잘 모르겠어요. [da kkeut-nat-neun-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure if it all ended

Future Tense = -(으)ㄹ지 잘 모르겠어요. = -(으)ㄹ 건지 잘 모르겠어요.

서점이 내일 문을 열지 잘 모르겠어요. [seo-jeo-mi nae-il mu-neul yeol-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure if the bookstore will open tomorrow.
if you want to add “or not” at the end, you can use the structure Verb stem + -(으/느)ㄴ지 + Verb stem + 안 -(으/는)ㄴ지.

어디로 갈지 잘 모르겠어요. [eo-di-ro gal-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure where we will go.

내일 만날지 안 만날지 잘 모르겠어요. [nae-il man-nal-ji an man-nal-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure if we will meet tomorrow or not.

[mwol hae-ya doel-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I am not sure what to do. = I am not sure what I (will) have to do.

이게 무슨 뜻인지 잘 모르겠어요. [i-ge mu-seun tteu-sin-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.] = I’m not sure what this means.

-겠다 (-gaetda) Must be

Formation
Verb Stem + 겠다

It must be used in the declarative, and solely with descriptive verbs.
This grammatical structure is regarded as in the intimate politeness level.

As this structure indicates the speakers supposition, it is never used to make a supposition of oneself.

This structure can be translated as “must be,” “is probably,” “I guess.”

Verb Stem + 겠다

Example:
hada
hagessda

힘들겠다.

Sentences

와! 그 케이크 맛있겠다! (wa! geu keikeu masitgetda!) - Wow, that cake must be delicious! (I bet that cake is delicious!)

Related Expressions
Future Indicat

Reported Speech I

n

general
-고(1) -go  said, to say that

-고 (-go) is used in reported speech and acts as quotation marks. The statement of question that is being reported comes before -고 (-go). What follows after that is typically a speaking or listening verb.

Examples:

(1)-고 말하다 - “said…”
(2)-고 하다 - “said…”  short for malhada
(3)-고 말씀하시다 - “said…” (honorific)
(4)-고 듣다 - “heard…”
(5)-고 묻다 - “asked”

The listening/speaking verb inflects the tense, mood, negation or politeness leve
Direct Quotes

~라고/이라고 + speaking verb

제가 하고 싶지 않습니다
그는 “제가 하고 싶지 않습니다” 라고 했어요

그는 너를 사랑한다고 했어 = He said I love you
그는 “너를 사랑해”라고 했어 = He said “I love you”

indirect quotes

quoting
-Neun/(eu)n  Eu)l ji
Indirect question form

l.Reporting a Statement:

:declarative form + 고 +(Speaking/Listening Verb)

Quoting with 이다:
Present~(이)라고
Past 이었다고

Verb Future l geo yeyo

Action Verbs    Declarative
Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense
하다 (to do) 했다 한다 하겠다
가다 (to go) 갔다 간다 가겠다
먹다 (to eat) 먹었다 먹는다 먹겠다

Descriptive Verbs Declarative
Adjective  Past tense Present tense Future tense
행복하다  행복했다 행복하다 행복하겠다
비싸다     비쌌다 비싸다            비싸겠다
길다     길었다 길다            길겠다
맛있다     맛있었다 맛있다            맛있겠다
낡다     낡았다 낡다            낡겠다

Examples Action Verbs

Statement:학교 안 갔어요. (I didn’t go to school)
Verb in declarative form:안 갔다 + 고 말하다.
학교 안 갔다고 말했어요. (He) said (he) didn’t go to school

나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말했어 = I said that he likes you
나는 그가 너를 좋아했다고 말했어 = I said that he liked you
나는 그가 너를 좋아하겠다고 말했어 = I said that he will like you
나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말하고 있어 = I am saying (telling you) that he likes you
나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야 = I will say that he likes you

If you want to indicate to whom this quote is said to, you can attach ~에게/한테/께 to the person being spoken to:

나는 엄마에게 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야 = I will tell mom that he likes you

선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착했다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students arrived late
선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착한다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students arrive late
선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착하겠다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students will arrive late

나는 너에게 같이 가야 한다고 했어 = I said (to you) that we have to go together
출력이 아직 안 된다고 말했어요 = I said that the output still doesn’t work
나는 아빠에게 집에 안 가겠다고 말할 거야 = I’m going to tell my dad that I won’t go home
나는 선생님에게 열심히 공부했다고 말했어 = I told the teacher that I studied hard
저는 오늘 1시 정각에 도착하겠다고 말했어요 = I said that I would arrive at 1:00 on the hour
이 길에 큰 자동차가 운전하면 안 된다고 말했어요
= I said that big vehicles are not allowed to drive on this road
저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요
= I already said that we need to make the length of that rope longer
현금인출기에서 현금을 뽑으러 은행에 가야 된다고 말할 거예요
= I’m going to say that I need to go to the bank to take out cash from the ATM
그는 공부하지 않았다고 했어요 = He said that he didn’t study
민수는 지금 공부한다고 했어. (Minsu said he's studying now.)
엄마가 부산에서는 어제 비가 왔다고 했어. (My mother said it rained yesterday in Busan
1. 오늘부터 백화점 세일 한다고 했어요.
oneul-buteo baekhwajeom seil handago haesseoyo.
I heard that the department was having a sale starting today.

2. 민수는 내일 도착한다고 했어요.
minsu-neun naeil dochakhandago haesseoyo.
Minsu said that he would arrive tomorrow.

3. 지수가 도와준다고 했어.
jisu-ga dowajundago haesseo.
Jisu said that she would help me.

4. 여기에 오면 찾을 수 있다고 했어.
yeogi-e omyeon chajeul su itdago haesseo.
He said that I would find it if I come here.

5. 민경이가 자기가 한다고 했어.
mingyeong-i-ga jagi-ga handago haesseo.
Mingyeong said that she would do it herself.
Examples Descriptive Verbs
6. 오늘 춥다고 했어요.
oneul chupdago haesseoyo.
“They said it would be cold today.”/“I heard it would be cold today.”
7. 이게 더 좋다고 했어요.
ige deo jotago haesseoyo.
“They said that this was better.”/“I heard that this was better.”
우리 엄마는 내가 예쁘다고 말했어. (My mother said that I am pretty.)
밧줄의 길이가 너무 부족하다고 했어요= I said that the length of this rope is not enough (insufficient)
우리 아빠는 자기가 어렸을 때 너무 행복했다고 했어요= My dad said that he was very happy when he was young
대부분 사람들이 이 영화의 주인공이 아주 잘생겼다고 말해요= Most people say that the main character of this move is very handsome
서울 사람들은 서울시 고등학교 교육과정이 불만족스럽다고 말해요
= The people of Seoul say that they are not satisfied with the Seoul high school curriculum

Also remember that있다 and 없다 are adjectives when they are used to indicate that one has, or does not have an object. This means that 있다 and 없다 should be quoted like other adjectives (also remember that ~ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 falls in this category as well). For example:Also remember that 싶다 is an adjective as well.

저는 학교에 갈 수 없다고 했어요 = I said I can’t go to school
학생이 이해할 수 없다고 했어요 = The student said he can’t understand
그는 다음 주 목요일에 여행할 수 있다고 했어요
= He said that he will be able to travel next Thursday
저는 현금이 없다고 해서 현금인출기에 갔어요
= I said that I don’t have cash, so we went to the ATM
저는 여자 친구에게 같이 가고 싶은 데가 있다고 말했어요
= I told my girlfriend that there is a place that I want to go with her (together)
제가 계속 아무 것도 필요가 없다고 했지만 엄마가 선물을 사 줬어요
= I kept saying that I don’t need anything, but my mom bought me a present
저는 모든 나라가 민주주의 국가로 변하는 것을 상상할 수 없다고 말했어요
= I said that I can’t imagine all countries changing to democratic nations
나는 새로운 차를 사고 싶다고 했어 = I said that I want to buy a new car
이 장소에서 나무를 심고 싶다고 말했어요 = I said that I want to plant a tree in this location

ida

prsent
그가 의사라고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor
우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생이라고 했어요 = Our teacher said I am a bad student
저는 우리 가족에게 이 사람이 저의 여자 친구라고 했어요
= I told my family that this person is my girlfriend
나는 너에게 그것이 해야 하는 일이라고 벌써 말했어
= I already told you that that is something you have to do
이거라고 말하다 [i-geo-ra-go ma-ra-da] = to say that it is this, to say that this is it
학생이라고 말하다 [hak-saeng-i-ra-go ma-ra-da] = to say that he/she is a student “감사합니다”라고 말하다 [gam-sa-ham-ni-da-ra-go ma-ra-da] = to say “감사합니다”

All these expressions above can be respectively substituted with: - 이거라고 하다 - 학생이라고 하다 - “감사합니다”라고 하다

이거라고 했어요. [i-geo-ra-go hae-sseo-yo.] = He/She/They said that it was this.
한국 사람이라고 했어요. [han-guk sa-ra-mi-ra-go hae-sseo-yo.] = He/She/They said that he/she/they was a Korean person.
뭐라고 말했어요? [mwo-ra-go ma-rae-sseo-yo?] = What did you say? = What did you tell them? = 뭐라고 했어요?
제가 일등이라고 들었어요. [ je-ga il-deung-i-ra-go deu-reo-sseo-yo.] = I heard that I was the first place winner.
여기가 TTMIK 사무실이라고 해요. [yeo-gi-ga TTMIK sa-mu-si-ri-ra-go hae-sseo-yo.] = They say that this is the TalkToMeInKorean office.
저는 “(person’s name)”(이)라고 해요. = [jeo-neun (person’s name)-i-ra-go hae-yo.] = My name is (person’s name).

Sample Sentences (of both -(이)라고 and -(ㄴ/는)다고)
1. 뭐라고 했어요? [mwo-ra-go hae-sseo-yo?] = What did you say?
2. 전화 온다고 했어요. [ jeon-hwa on-da-go hae-sseo-yo.] = I said that your phone is ringing. 3. 그 사람이 내일 온다고 해요. [geu sa-ra-mi nae-il on-da-go hae-yo.] = He says that he will come tomorrow.

6. 한국은 겨울에 정말 춥다고 들었어요. [han-gu-geun gyeo-u-re jeong-mal chup-da-go deu-reo-sseo-yo.] = I heard that it’s very cold in winter in Korea.

8. TTMIK이 좋다고 쓰세요. [TTMIK-i jo-ta-go sseu-se-yo.] = Write that TTMIK is good.

** Bonus Sample Sentences (using -(ㄴ/는)다는 before nouns)
11. TTMIK이 재미있다는 이야기를 들었어요. [TTMIK-i jae-mi-it-da-neun i-ya-gi-reul deu-reo-sseo-yo.] = I heard (a story that) someone (was) saying that TTMIK is fun

Past Tense + Quoting Verb Stem + -았/었/였 + -다고 (+ 하다/말하다/이야기하다/듣다/etc) 했다고 말했어요. They said that they had done it.

어제 그 영화 봤다고 했어요?
[eo-je geu yeong-hwa bwat-da-go hae-sseo-yo?] = Did you say that you saw that movie yesterday?

지갑을 잃어 버렸다고 들었는데, 찾았어요?
[ ji-ga-beul i-reo beo-ryeot-da-go deu-reot-neun-de, cha-ja-sseo-yo?] = I heard that you lost your wallet. Did you find it?
학생이라고 말하다 = to say that he/she is a 학생 (student)
이 사람이 학생이라고 말하다 = to say that 이 사람 (this person) is a 학생 (student)
이 사람은 학생이라고 말하다 = to say that 이 사람 (this person) is a 학생 (student)

공짜라고 하다 = to say that something is free of charge
이 책이 공짜라고 하다 = to say that this book is free of charge
이 책은 공짜라고 하다 = to say that this book is free of charge

Future Tense + Quoting Verb Stem + -(으)ㄹ 거 + -라고 (+ 하다/말하다/이야기하다/듣다/etc
할 거라고 말했어요.  They said that they will do it

친구들이 도와 줄 거라고 했어요. [chin-gu-deu-ri do-wa jul geo-ra-go hae-sseo-yo.] = My friends told me that they would help me.

past
그가 선생님이었다 = He was a teacher
그가 선생님이었다고 했어요 = He said he was a teacher

거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다 = The people who were on the street were protesters
경찰관은 거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다고 했어요 = The police officer said that the people who were on the street were protesters

future l geoyeyo

저는 밖에 갈 수 없을 거라고 했어요 = I said I can’t go outside/won’t be able to go outside
제가 제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거라고 했어요
= I said that I will point to the girl that I like the most

usages
In addition to 말하다, there are many verbs in Korean that prefer to be used with a quoted clause. I’d like to show you a few of them.

1) To think: 생각하다
저는 그 여자가 별로 안 예쁘다고 생각해요 = I think that girl isn’t that pretty
캐나다와 미국이 비슷하지 않다고 생각합니다 = I think Canada and the US aren’t similar
저는 이 소설가가 다른 소설가들보다 월등히 낫다고 생각합니다 = I think this novelist is much better than other novelists

2) To believe: 믿다
If one “believes” something, quoted can be used. For example:
저는 우리 팀이 이길 거라고 믿어요 = I believe that our team will win

3) To call something: 부르다
When talking about what an object is “called,” ~을/를 can be attached to the object, and ~(이)라고 can be attached to the word that it is referred to. For example:

사람들은 그 건물을 한국타워라고 불러요
= People call that building “Korea tower”

Using this type of sentence is a more natural way to tell somebody what your name is. The common way for foreigners to introduce themselves in Korean would be:

“제 이름은 김의지입니다”

Although correct, it is kind of a direct translation of “my name is…” in English. In Korean, it is more common/natural to introduce yourself using ~(이)라고. In most cases, you add something before your name to describe yourself even more. For example:

안녕하세요, 저는 캐나다에서 온 김의지라고 합니다
= Hi, my name is 김의지, and I come from Canada (I am 김의지, from Canada)

4) To promise: 약속하다
When “promising” to do an action, it is common to add a future tense quoted construction to the action you promise to do. For example:
현금을 내일 주겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to give you (the) cash tomorrow
제가 아빠에게 숙제를 다 할 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised dad that I would do all my homewor
이 정보를 내일까지 다 입력해 줄 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised that I would input all of this information by tomorrow

5) Finishing a sentence with 그렇다
Often times you will hear the final word of a sentence with a quote (instead of being 말하다, 하다 or any of the other words specified above) as 그렇다
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 말했어
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 했어
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 그랬어

= My older brother said he wasn’t going to do this

It is also possible to use these quoted conjugations to ask what a person says. For example, if you want to ask what somebody said, you can attach ~(이)라고 to 뭐

뭐라고? = What did you say?
뭐라고요? = What did you say?
뭐라고 했어요? = What did you say?
뭐라고 말했어요? = What did you say?
아빠가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did dad say?

저는 내일 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I’m going to Canada tomorrow
내일 캐나다에 갈 거라고요? = (You said that) you’re going to Canada tomorrow?

그는 돈이 없다고 했어요 = He said that he doesn’t have money
돈이 있다고? = (Did you say) he has money?
아니요, 없다고요 = No, (I said that) he doesn’t have money

Using Quoted Sentences with ~는 것

Adding ~는 것 after any of these plain form conjugations is an abbreviation of a quoted clause.

간다는 것 is abbreviation of 간다고 하는 것
갔다는 것 is an abbreviation of 갔다고 하는 것
가겠다는 것 is an abbreviation of 가겠다고 하는 것

desc
너의 여자 친구가 예쁘다는 것을 잊어버렸어 = I forgot (the fact that) that your girlfriend was pretty

action

그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me
그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that (it is said that) he doesn’t like me

In place of “것” in these cases, it is quite common to find the words “사실” (fact) and“소문” (rumor). These are often used because these are nouns whose meaning inherently implies that something was said. For example:

그 여자가 다른 남자랑 애기가 있다는 소문이 있습니다
= There is a rumor that that woman has a baby with another man

그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요
= There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary

Instead of:

그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피우는 것이 있어요
= There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary

This same principle can be used in the past tense as well (remember to use the plain form):

그녀가 시험에 떨어졌다는 소문을 들었어요 = I heard a rumor that she failed the test
부장님이 작년에 미국에 갔다는 것을 잊어버렸어요 = I forgot (the fact) that the boss went to America last year

future with ida

-을 거 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = -을 거라는 것

그녀가 곧 결혼할 거라는 사실을 잊어버렸어요 = I forgot (the fact that) that she will be getting married soon
대통령이 한국에서 떠날 거라는 소문이 있다 = There is a rumor that the president will leave Korea soon

II.Reporting a Question:

Action Verbs~(느)냐 + 고 (Speaking/Listening Verb)
Descriptive Verb  ~(으)냐고
Quoting Questions with 이다

Examples of question related words
1. 묻다 [mut-da] = to ask
2. 물어보다 [mu-reo-bo-da] = to ask 3.
말하다 [ma-ra-da] = to say
4. 질문하다 [jil-mun-ha-da] = to ask a question

Question: 누구예요? (Who are you?)
Verb in intimate interrogative: 누구냐 + 고 묻다.
누구냐고 물었어요. (She) asked who (I) am?

1. 학생이에요? = Are you a student?
학생이냐고 물어봤어요.They asked me if I was a student. / I asked her if she was a student.

2. 뭐예요? = What is it?  
뭐냐고 물어봤어요. = She asked what this is. / I asked what it is. / They asked what that is.

3. 누가 그렇게 말했어요? = Who said so?
→ 누가 그렇게 말했냐고 → 누가 그렇게 말했냐고 물었어요. = I asked who said so. / They asked who said such a thing. *

왜 안 왔냐고 물어봤는데, 대답을 안 해요.
[wae an wat-nya-go mu-reo-bwat-neun-de, dae-da-beul an hae-yo.] =  I asked him why he didn’t come here, but he won’t answer.

저한테 어디 가냐고 말했어요.
[ jeo-han-te eo-di ga-nya-go ma-rae-sseo-yo.] = He asked me where I was going.

저는 몇 살이냐고 물어보는 게 제일 싫어요.
[ jeo-neun myeot sa-ri-nya-go mu-reo-bo-neun ge je-il si-reo-yo.] =  I hate it the most when people ask me how old I am.

5. 저도 가야 되냐고 물어봐 주세요.
[ jeo-do ga-ya doe-nya-go mu-reo-bwa ju-se-yo.] = Please ask them if I have to come along, too.그가 무엇을 좋아하느냐고 물어봤어요 = I asked him what he likes (another translation could be:)

우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 가느냐고 물어봤어 = My dad asked me where I am going
우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 갔느냐고 물어봤어 = My dad asked me where I went
우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 가겠느냐고 물어봤어 = My dad asked me where I will go

지진이 어떻게 생기느냐고 물어봤다 = I asked how earthquakes happen/occur
사위가 어디 갔느냐고 물어봤어요 = I asked where my son-in-law went
저는 부장님에게 우리가 그렇게 해야 하느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked our boss if we had to do it like that

That being said, Korean people will be more inclined to say that ~냐고 (without ~느) looks and sounds more naturalPersonally, I suggest that you use the simple ~냐고 which is the form that is more commonly said by Korean speakers. ~냐고 is also the form that I have always used whenever I quote a question. However, you should keep in the back of your mind that the official usage is ~느냐고.

desc
아빠에게 지금 편안하냐고 물어봤어 = I asked my dad if he is/was comfortable/relaxed
저는 친구에게 그 여자가 예쁘냐고 물어봤어요 = I asked my friend if that girl was pretty
이런 반팔이 집에 많으냐고 물어봤어 = I asked if there were many of these types of t-shirts at home
그 사람이 나한테 앞날에 뭐 하고 싶으냐고 물어봤어 = That person asked me what I want to do in the future

~느냐고 should be attached when quoting a question with 있다 or 없다. they are verbs in this case not adjectives

Just like with other verbs, 있느냐 and 없느냐 are often spoken/written as 있냐 and 없냐 and would be seen as correct by Korean people.

Here are some examples:
저는 그에게 수영할 수 있느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked him if he could swim
아빠에게 엄마를 왜 함부로 대하고 있느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked dad why he is treating mom disrespectfully

ida
나는 그 사람이 우리 선생님이냐고 물어봤어 = I asked if that person is our teacher
방학이 언제(이)냐고 물어봤어 = I asked when vacation is
그곳이 어디(이)냐고 물어봤어 = I asked where that place is
그것이 뭐(이)냐고 물어봤어 = I asked what that thing is
그 사람이 누구(이)냐고 물어봤어 = I asked who that person is
이 신사가 누구냐고 물어봤습니다
= I asked who this gentlemen is/was
저는 제 친구에게 한국으로 이사하고 싶은 이유가 뭐냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked my friend ‘what is the reason you want to move to Korea?’
제가 점원에게 그 핸드폰이 좋은 핸드폰이냐고 물어봤지만 그는 모른다고 했어요
= I asked the salesperson if that cellphone is good, but he said that he didn’t know
저 학교를 다니는 학생들이 똑똑한 학생들이냐고 물어봤어요
= He asked if the students who attend that school are smart students

Also notice that by adding ~(이)냐고 to 이다, you can ask questions in sentences that use the ~ㄹ 것이다 future tense conjugation. For example:

나는 그들에게 결혼식에 갈 거냐고 물어봤어 = I asked if they were going to go to the wedding
나는 그에게 어디 갈 거냐고 물어봤어 = I asked where he is going to go
저는 그에게 앞날에 뭐 할 거냐고 물어보고 싶어요 = I want to ask what he will do in the future
그는 저한테 여자친구랑 언제 결혼할 거냐고 물어봤어요 = He asked me when I will marry my girlfriend

III.Reporting an Imperative statement.

[-(으)라] + 고 (Speaking/Listening Verb)
Negative Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~지 말라고

pos
선생님은 학생들에게 열심히 공부하라고 했어요 = The teacher told the students to study hard
버스 아저씨가 나한테 올라타라고 했어요 = The bus driver told me to get on (the bus)
회사를 자유롭게 운영하고 싶으면 혼자 하라고 했어요
= I told him that if he wants to run his business freely, to do it himself
저는 직원들에게 불만이 있으면 저에게 아무 때나 말을 하라고 했어요
= I told the workers that if they have a complaint (are dissatisfied), to talk to me anytime
우리가 오랜만에 만날 거라서 저는 친구에게 우리 집에 오라고 했어요
= It will be a long time since we last met, so I told him to come to our house
한국어실력을 늘리고 싶으면 선생님이 한국 사람들이랑 의사소통을 많이 하라고 그랬어요
= If I want to expand my Korean language ability, my teacher told me to communicate a lot with Korean people

neg
그렇게 하지 말라고 했어 = I told you not to do it like that
불을 만지지 말라고 했어 = I told you not to touch the fire
선생님은 수업에 늦게 오지 말라고 했어요 = The teacher told us not to come late to class
선생님이 복도에서 뛰지 말라고 했어요 = The teacher said not to run in the hallway
여자친구는 다른 여자와 대화를 하지 말라고 했어요
= My girlfriend told me not to talk to (have a conversation with) other girls
제가 공부하는 동안 저에게 얘기하지 말라고 그랬어요
= I told him not to speak to me while I’m studying
중요한 내용이 없어서 회의를 참석하지 말라고 했어요
= He told me to not attend the meeting because there is nothing important (no important content)
남자 친구에게 계속 과장하지 말라고 했지만 그는 한 달에 거의 500 만 원을 번다고 했어요
= I told my boyfriend to not exaggerate, but he said that he almost makes 500 만 원 per month

requesting

아/어/여 달라고 하다 (a/eo/yeo dallago hada)  to ask someone to do -
- is a grammatical structure that expresses “to ask someone to do something.”
달라고 can be changed to 주라고 (jurago) using the verb 주다 (juda – “to give”), but 달라고 is more common.
달라고 cannot be used in its dictionary form on its own and must be used with -고, the particle that expresses a reported speech, to form a sentence. The mood, tense and voice are expressed in the last verb, 하다 (hada). Here, 하다 means “to say,” so it can be replaced with
말하다 (malhada – “to say”),
얘기하다 (yaegihada – “to talk”),
요청하다 (yocheonghada – “to request”)
or 요구하다 (yoguhada – “to demand”).

1. 남동생이 자꾸 놀아 달라고 해요. [놀다] (namdongsaeng-i jakku nora dallago haeyo)
- My younger brother keeps asking me to play with him.

2. 엄마 아빠가 성적표 보여 달라고 하셨어요. [보이다] (eomma appa-ga seongjeokpyo boyeo dallago hasyeosseoyo)
- My parents asked me to show them my report card.

3. 민경 씨가 전화해 달라고 했어요. [전화하다] (mingyeong ssi-ga jeonhwahae dallago haesseoyo)
- Mingyeong wants you to call her back.

4. 비한테 안아 달라고 할 거예요. [안다] (bi-hante ana dallago hal geo-yeyo)
- I will ask Rain to hug me.

5. 친구한테 숙제 도와 달라고 했어. [돕다] (chingu-hante sukje dowa dallago haesseo)
- I asked my friend to help me with my homework달다 is sometimes translated to “request” in these situations. For example:

휴지를 달라고 했어요 = I said “please give me a tissue”

As I mentioned, it is also possible to use 달다 when the original speaker of a quoted sentence asks for an action to be done for him/her. In essence, 달다 replaces 주다 in ~아/어 주다 in these cases. For example:
학생은 선생님에게 성적을 올려 달라고 했어요
= The student said to the teacher “raise my grades”
다음 주에 입주할 거라서 그때 와 달라고 했어요
= We will be moving into the new house next week, so I told them to come then
어떤 공무원이 우리 집에 와서 설문조사를 답해 달라고 했어요
= Some government worker came to our house and requested that we answer a survey
그들에게 조용히 해 달라고 했지만 그들은 아직 너무 시끄러워요
= I told them to “please be quiet,” but they are still very loud

request with butag
저는 부탁이 하나 있어요 = I have one favor
저는 더 자세한 설명을 부탁했어요 = I asked for a clearer explanation
남편에게 청소를 부탁했어요 = I asked my husband to take care of the cleaning (for me)
빨래를 아들에게 부탁하고 집에서 나왔어요 = I asked my son to take care of the laundry for me and left the house
저는 신입사원에게 그 일을 부탁했어요 = I asked the new employee to take care of that work (for me)

In the example sentences so far, 부탁하다 has come after a noun. If the favor (or what you are requesting) is an action, you can attach ~아/어 달라고 to the verb, followed by 부탁하다

저는 그에게 더 자세히 설명해 달라고 부탁했어요 = I asked him to explain it more clearly
One more peculiar thing about the word “부탁하다” is that it is often said as “부탁(을) 드리다

“드리다” is the honorific form of “주다” and is used when the receiving person deserves high respect. When using “부탁,” the person receiving the favor is you, and you should never use 드리다 when talking about yourself receiving something. The way I think about it is that I am giving a request to somebody, which would allow me to use 드리다. For example:

엄마에게 그것을 사 달라고 부탁 드렸어요 = I asked my mother to buy that for me

-지 말라고 하다-ji mal-lago hada to say not to do something

is used when “someone tells the subject NOT to (VERB)”.  

말라 [mal-la] is an ‘imperative ending’ that means “do not”, “should not”, or “never”.
고 하다 [go hada] is a phrase meaning, “tells that…” or “says that…”

Formation
Verb Stem + - 지 말라고 하다 [ji malrago hada]
믿다 [mittda] “to believe or to trust”
믿지 말라고 하다 “(He) says (I) should NOT trust…”

말하다 [malhada] “to talk / to tell”
말하지 말라고 하다 “(He) says (I) should NOT tell…”

운전하다 [unjeonhada]“to drive”
운전하지 말라고 하다 “(She) says (I) should NOT drive…”

Example Sentences

그는 아무도 믿지 말라고 하였습니다.
Geuneun a-mudo mitji malrago hayeosseumnida.
“He told (me) not to trust anyone.”

아버지는 (저에게) 술을 마시지 말라고 하셨습니다.
Abeojineun (jeo-ege) sureul masiji malrago hasyeosseumnida.
“My father told (me) that I should not drink (alcohol).”

친구가 아무한테도 비밀을 말하지 말라고 했습니다.
Chinguga amuhantedo bimireul malhaji malrago haesseumnida.
“My friend told (me) not to tell his secret to anyone.”
어머니는 절대 술을 마시고 운전하지 말라고 하셨습니다.
Eomeonineun jeoldae sureul masigo unjeonhaji malrago hasyeosseumnida.
“My mother told (me) I should never drink and drive.”

IV. Reporting a Propositive
+ 고 (Speaking/Listening Verb)

내일 공원에 가자 = Tomorrow, let’s go to the park
여자 친구가 공원에 가자고 했어
= My girlfriend said “let’s go to the park”

선생님이 수업 시간 동안 열심히 공부하자고 했어요
= The teacher said “let’s study hardduring class time”

-대요,-래-daeyo,-reyo 요They say

you learned the following grammar points: -(ㄴ/는)다고 -(이)라고 These are used for quoting what someone has said and are also used with verbs related to speech. In that lesson, the following sample sentences were introduced:
뭐라고 했어요? = What did they say?
내일 온다고 했어요. = They said they would come tomorrow.
언제 온다고 했어요? = When did they say they would come?
이거 재미있다고 들었어요. = I heard that this is fun.

You can make all of the above sentences shorter by using the endings
-(ㄴ/는)다고 해요 –> -(ㄴ/는)대요
-(이)라고 해요 –> -(이)래요
Although it’s basically the same thing, the latter forms are more commonly used in everyday

Action Verbs
present+ -(느)ㄴ대요
pas+ -았/었/였대요
[Future Tense] Verbs + -(으)ㄹ 거 + 래요

action
Ex) 지금 간대요. (= They say they are going now.)
Ex) 어제 만났대요. (= I heard they met yesterday.)
내일 만날 거래요. (= He says he will meet them tomorrow.)

Descriptive Verbs
pres+ -대요
[Past Tense] Descriptive Verbs + -았/었/였대요
fuDescriptive Verbs + -(으)ㄹ 거 + 래요

Nouns + -(이)래요
Nouns + -이었/였대요  
Nouns + -일 거 + 래요

바쁘대요. (= He says that he’s busy now.)
no se
추울 거래요. (= They say it will be cold.)

친구래요. (= She says that he’s a friend.)학생이었대요. (= They say they were students.)
마지막일 거래요. (= They say it will be the last time.)

When you use the -(ㄴ/는)대요/-(이)래요 endings, you usually deliver a piece of information that the other person doesn’t know, or that you think they don’t know. If you want to emphasize the fact that YOU, at least, have heard something and it might not be the exact truth, you need to use verbs such as “듣다 (= to hear)” and say “-다고/라고 들었어요

Sample Sentences
간대요[gandaeyo] -They say they are going.“ or "He says he’s leaving.”
갔대요.[gatdaeyo] - “I heard that they went there.”/“He says that he went there.”
갈 거래요. [gal geo-raeyo]- “They say they will go."or "He says he will go.

학생이래요. [haksaeng-iraeyo]-"I heard he was a student.” or “They say he’s a student.

이게 제일 좋대요. [i-ge je-il jo-tae-yo.] = They say that this is the best.

여기 정말 유명하대요. [yeo-gi jeong-mal yu-myeong-ha-dae-yo.] = They say this place is really famous.

몰랐대요. [mol-lat-dae-yo.] = He says he didn’t know

어딘지 모른대요. [eo-din-ji mo-reun-dae-yo.] = He says he doesn’t know where it is.

이 사람 정말 유명한 사람이래요. [i sa-ram jeong-mal yu-myeong-han sa-ra-mi-rae-yo.] = They say this person is a very famous person.

제 친구가 한국에 올 거래요. [ je chin-gu-ga han-gu-ge ol geo-rae-yo.] = My friend says he will come to Korea.

그 사람은 한국에 와 본 적이 없대요. [geu sa-ra-meun han-gu-ge wa bon jeo-gi eop-dae-yo.] = He says he’s never come to Korea

길 건너편에 우리 카페랑 비슷한 카페가 생겼대요![Gil geonneopyeon-e uri kape-rang biseutan kape-ga saenggyeotdaeyo!]
-I heard that someone made a cafe similar to our cafe across the street.

2. 이름도 비슷하고, 분위기도 비슷하고, 메뉴도 비슷하대요![Ireum-do biseuthago, bunwigi-do biseuthago, menyu-do biseuthadaeyo!]
-I heard that the name is similar, the atmosphere is similar, and the menu is similar too!

3. 전에 우리 카페에서 일했던, 민수가 만들었대요![Jeon-e uri kape-eseo ilhaetdeon, minsu-ga mandeureotdaeyo!]
-I heard that Minsu, who used to work in our cafe, made that one.

This structure is translated as "I heard that…” or “They say that…”
-대요 (daeyo) originally comes from -다고 (말)해요 (-dago (mal)haeyo), and for the present tense you add ㄴ and make it -ㄴ대요 (-ndaeyo), and for the past tense, you add 았/었/였 and make it -았/었/였대요 (-at/eot/yeotdaeyo). But with nouns, however, since the original form of the reported speech is [ noun + -(이)라고 (말)해요 ], you use the -(이)라고 ((i)rago) part and change it to -(이)래요 ((i)raeyo) instead of -대요 (daeyo). And this is applied to the future tense, too, because the word -거 (geo) in the future tense ending -ㄹ/을 거예요 (l/eul geo-yeyo) is a noun as well.

. -(ㄴ/는)다던데(요) and 2. -(이)라던데(요)They say -Answer required

review  
1. 제 친구가 지금 바빠요. = My friend is busy now.
→ 제 친구가 지금 바쁘대요. = My friend says that she is busy now.

2. 이게 제일 좋은 거예요. = This is the best one.
→ 이게 제일 좋은 거래요. = They say that this is the best on

지금 와요. = She’s coming now.
지금 온대요. = She says she’s coming now.
지금 온다던데요. = She says she’s coming now. (+ (ex) Should we wait?/What do you think?)

유명해요. = He’s famous.
유명하대요. = They say he’s famous.
유명하다던데요. = They say he’s famous. (+ (ex) But you said otherwise, right?)

* The same applies to -(이)래(요) and -(이)라던데(요).

학생이에요. = He’s a student.
학생이래요. = He says he’s a student.
학생이라던데요. = He says he’s a student. (+ (ex) What shall we do then?)

공원이에요. = They are at a park. / It is a park.
공원이래요. = They say they are at a park.
공원이라던데요. = They say they are at a park. (+ (ex) Shall we go there?)

Difference between -(ㄴ/는)다던데(요) and -(ㄴ/는)다는데(요) There is a slight difference in nuance between -던데 and -는데, and it’s based on the fact that -던 is usually associated with the past tense whereas -는 is associated with the present tense.

지금 온다던데요. = They said that they would come here now.
지금 온다는데요. = They are saying that they will come here now.

유명하다던데요. = I heard that she’s famous.
유명하다는데요. = He is saying that she’s famous.

* The same applies to -(이)래(요), -(이)라던데(요) and -(이)라는데(요).

학생이라던데요. = They told me that they were students.
학생이라는데요. = They say that they are students.

공원이라던데요. = They said that they were at a park.
공원이라는데요. = They say that they are at a park.

Sample Sentences
여기 위험하다던데요. [yeo-gi wi-heom-ha-da-deon-de-yo.] = I heard that this place is dangerous. (+ (ex) What do you think?)

혼자 갈 거라던데요. [hon-ja gal geo-ra-deon-de-yo.] = She said she would go there alone. (+ (ex) Shall I talk to her again? / You can’t go with her.) 3.

그 사람도 모른다던데요. [geu sa-ram-do mo-reun-da-deon-de-yo.]
= He said that he doesn’t know either. (+ (ex) So why keep asking him?

Words

n

Very

Casual

되게 - quite

꽤 = quite (sense of suprise)

정말 [jeong-mal] - formal,진짜 jinjja - informal really

너무too (x) but also used as just “very”

많이 - very

엄청 ( 엄청나게) tremendously

어마어마하게 incredibly

Formal

상당히 - quite 

굉장히 - very

아주 - very 

매우 - very 

대단히- tremendously

+

참 = really/very/extremelycham truly

Examples

Casual

되게 재미있었어요- It was quite fun

꽤 비싸요 (Oh,) It’s quite expensive

진짜 예뻐요   - It’s really pretty

정말 도움이 됩니다 It’s really helpful

정말 이상하네요 - Yeah, I see that it’s really weird / I agree that it’s really weird

정말  이게 더 좋다니까요 - Seriously, I said this one is better

너무 pyeonhaeyo - It’s very comfortable

많이 - manhi chueoyo? Is it very cold?

엄청 chueoyo It’s tremendously cold

엄청 어려웠어요 It was tremendously difficult

어마어마하게 incredibly

eomaeomahage It snowed  tremendously lot

incredibly tall mountain

Formal

상당히 - quite

굉장히 - very

아주 멀어요.[a-ju meo-reo-yo.] It’s very far away.

매우 - very

대단히 - thank you very much

+

• neomu manhayo its too much
• manhi juseyo give me a lot
• don manhi juseyo give me a lot of money
• chaeg manhi juseyo give me a lot of books
• seonmul manhi juseyo give me a lot of presents

• 혼자 honja = alone
  
• 스스로 = for oneself/by oneself
  
• 홀로 = by oneself
  
• 따로 = separately, privately
  
• 같이gati,함께 hamggetogether

조금jogeum, jom a little bit
많이manhi a lot
그냥 = just
쯤= approximately
원래 = originally
오히려 = on the contrary
너무나 = extremely
여러 = many/various
주로juro for the most part

더 - more
덜 - less
불과 - only
무려 - as many as
가장 - most

마음껏 = as much as one likes
더욱 = more and more

처음:  - “first time / first occasion”.
처음에: first, 처음으로(for the first time), 처음부터(from the start) 
일단: as a first step. Once something happens/occurs… 
먼저:  before anyone / anything else.
jinnan ,저번 last as in previous
daeum next
마지막 - majimag last

혹시 hogsi by any chance
amado,,eojjeomyeon   su issda maybe
정말 [jeong-mal] - formal,,진짜 jinjja - informal really
별로 [byeol-lo] = not really, 
사실 sasil in fact
솔직히 honestly
특히 teughi  especially

과연 = indeed/sure enough

꼭 = surely/definitely

반드시 = surely/definitely

아예 = not at all

절대로 - absolutly

철저히 = thoroughly

겨우 - 거의 -간신히- 가까스로- barely

상당히- quite
진짜로- really
실제로- really
잘, 제대로- well

외에 = in addition to
및 = as well as (Korea as well as Canada)
또한 = also/as well
상관없이 = regardless
아무래도 = probably
어쩌면 = maybe, perhaps
왠지 = for some reason
우연히 = by chance
아마 = probably
혹은 = o

대체로 = generally/overall

주로- mostly
전적으로- absolutely

정작 = actually, really
약간- 살짝 = slightly= slightly/a little bit
반드시 = surely/definitely
대체로 = generally/overall

하여튼, 여하튼, 어쨌든 amuteun anyways
어차피 eochapi anyway

• 본능적으로 = instinctively
  
• 빨리 balli quickly
  
• 천천히cheoncheonhi slowly
• 단순히 - simply
  
• 대충 = roughly, ohne mühe
  
• 대략 = roughly
  
• 딱 = exactly, perfectly, precisely
  
• 뜻밖에 = unexpectedly
  
• 엄청 - enormously
  
• 엄청나게 = enormously/tremendouslly
  
• 깊이 = deeply
• 골고루 = evenly
  
• 고르게 = evenly, flatly
• 깨끗이 = neatly
  
• 꼼꼼히 = meticulously/precisely
  
• 함부로 = disrespectfully/carelessly
  
• 흔히 = commonly
  
• 일부러 = on purpose
  
• 인공적으로 = artificially
  
• 제대로 = properly
  
• 자세히= detailed/elaborate/carefully
  
• 마지못해 = reluctantly 
  
• 몹시 = heavily/badly/really bad
  
• 모르게 = unknowingly
• 무조건 = unconditionally
  
• 남몰래 = secretly
  
• 완전히 - perfectly
  
• 신중하게- carefully
  
• 술술 = smoothly
  
• 순전히 = purely
  
• 순순히 = obediently
  
• 운명적으로 = fatefully
  
• 열심히yeolsimhi diligently
  
• 연속으로 = in a row/consecutively
  
• 유심히 = attentively, closely

• 깜짝 = an adverb used to show surprise
  
• 얼른 = adverb placed in sentences when speaker wants listener to do something quickly
  

—

깊다 - to be deep 깊숙이 - deep
다른 - other, different
무료 = free
꽉 - tight

가만히 = to be still, to be motionless

짜리 = the one worth..

어떤 = which
어떤= some
무슨 = what kind of
어느 = which

얼마나 = how much
몇 = how many ___

어때? = How is/was … ?

며칠 = how many days

• 닥쳐 = shut up
  
• 나중에 또 봐요 = see you later
  
• 글쎄 = well…/let me see…
  
• 물론 = of course
  
• 등 = etc…
  
• 따위 = etc…
  
• 즉 = i.e./in other words…
  
• 덕분 = thanks to
  
• 기타 = and other, and so on

그중of those things

짜리 = the one worth.. 

몇몇 = some

이내 = within

결코 = put with negative sentences to stress

왜냐하면 = because

어쨌든 = at any rate, in any case, anyways

가짜 = fake

실제 = actual

• 워낙 = so/very, by nature
  
• 너머 = beyond, over
  
• 굉장히 = very
  
• 한층 = much more
  
• 이상 = more than
  대부분 = most
• 
  

적발 시 = if caught
박 = counter for nights

일회용 = one time use
최선 = the best way or plan

• 도 = temperature, degrees
  
• 영하 = below zero (temperature)
  
• 영상 = above zero (temperature)
  

한가운데 = in the very middle

중앙 = middle/center

정상 = top
전체 = whole/entire thing
야생 = wild (wild ____ animal)
일부 = a part/portion
최고 = the best/first

힘내 = cheer up

• 각 = each
  
• 각각 = each and every
  
• 각자 = each individual

정성껏 = putting your heart into something

새로 = newly/anew
주요 = major/primary”

도중 = in the middle of
소용이 없다 = for there to be no use
똑바로 = straight/upright
어김없이 = without fail
도저히 = stresses a ~ㄹ 수 없다 sentence

금색 = gold (color)
은색 = silver (color)
주황색 = orange (color)

—

역시 or 역시나 basically means “I knew it!” “That’s what I thought.” “as expected”
You can use them interchangeably in most cases.
But when you use the word 역시 to say “ “What you’ve done is just as good as I expected!” you can’t use 역시나 instead of 역시.

별로 [byeol-lo] = not really,

1. 별로 안 비싸요. [byeol-lo an bi-ssa-yo.] = It’s not so expensive.
2. 별로 재미없어요. [byeol-lo jae-mi-eop-seo-yo.] = It’s not that interesting.

Formation
There are two ways to use 별로 with a negative component.

1. Used with a negative adverb (안, 못)

별로 안 바쁘다 = not very busy, not especially busy, not particularly busy

별로 못 하다 = can’t particularly do (not particularly good at), can’t especially do (not especially good at)

2. Used with a negative sentence ending.
-지 않다 (negative sentence ending)

별로 크지 않다. = Not especially big, not particularly big.

Example Sentences
(a) 별로 크지 않다. - It is not particularly big.

(b) 이 책은 별로 비싸지 않아요. - This book is not too expensive.

© 저는 시간이 별로 없습니다. - I don’t have much time.

(d) 그 사람은 친구가 별로 없어요. - He doesn’t have many friends.

별로 안 좋아요. Byeollo an joayo. “It’s not so good.”

별로 안 하고 싶어요. Byeollo an hago sipeoyo. “I’m not particularly in the mood to do it.”

dasi again
dasi haseyo do it again –  repeat action all over again

ddo 또 (tto) is the word that means “again,” and just like in English, this word can give off various nuances depending on the tone of speech by the speaker.

Examples:

 1. If you say it plainly, it just means “again” or “once more For example:
    A. 또 보자!  (Tto boja!) “See you again!” (intimate)
 2. If you say it with a rising tone, you can express sarcasm or surprise, like in this lesson’s dialogue.
    A. 아이스크림 먹자. (Aiseukeurim meokja.) “Let’s eat ice cream.” (intimate)
    B. 또??? (Tto???) “Again???” (intimate)

Example Sentences
또 저예요. (tto jeo-yeyo.) “It’s me again.”

hoksi혹시 (hoksi)

1.혹시 현대 아파트 어디 있는지 아세요?
(By any chance, do you know where Hyundai Apartment is?)

2.혹시, 지민경 씨 맞아요?
(By any chance, are you Ji Min Kyeong?)

3.혹시, 이 길 아니야?
(By any chance, is it this street?)

really
정말 [jeong-mal] - formal

정말요 [jeong-malyo] - really?

정말 빨라요. [jeong-mal ppallayo.]   It’s really fast.

정말 이상해요. [jeong-mal i-sang-hae-yo.]  It’s really strange.

진짜 jinjja - informal

A 씨: 나 백만원 땄어!
(na baekman-won ttasseo!) I won ₩1,000,000!

B 씨: 설마! (seolma!) - no way
A 씨: 진짜! (jinjja!) – really

저는 신라면을 진짜 좋아해요 (jeo-neun sinramyun-eul jinjja johahaeyo) - I really like Shin ramyun

in fact

In fact…“ “Actually…” “In reality…”
1. 미안한데, 사실은 니가 먹은 거 유통기한이 지났어. [먹다] [지나다]
(mianhande, sasil-eul ni-ga meogeun geo yutonggihan jinasseo)
Sorry, but in fact what you ate is past the expiry date.

2. 실은, 유럽에 갔다 왔다는 말은 거짓말이었어. [가다] [오다]
(sil-eun, yureob-e gatda watda-neun mal-eun geojitmal-ieosseo)
In fact, I said that I went to Europe but it was a lie.

3. 사실은, 이 꽃은 너를 위해서 가져온 거야. [가져오다]
(sasil-eun i kkoch-eun neo-reul wihaeseo gajyeoon geo-ya)
In fact, I brought these flowers for you.

4. 사실은, 그 사람이 너한테는 말하지 말라고 부탁했어. [부탁하다]
(sasil-eun geu saram-i neo-hanteneun malhaji mallago butakhaesseo)
In fact, he asked me not to tell you.

5. 사실은, 내가 외계인이어서 너를 사랑할 수가 없어. [사랑하다]
(sasil-eun, nae-ga oegyein-ieoseo neo-reul saranghal su-ga eopseo)

In fact, I’m an alien so I can’t love yo

일단 firstly
1) 처음: (noun/adverb) literally means "first time / first occasion”.
* 처음에: first, 처음으로(for the first time), 처음부터(from the start)
* Emphasis is on “the first stage” of something, not comparison with others
2) 일단: (adverb) as a first step. Once something happens/occurs…
* stresses “doing/acting/happening without thinking/preparing too much”.
3) 먼저: (adverb) before anyone / anything else.
* implies “before something/someone else”

Examples can show their different usages.
- 난 처음에 네가 남자인 줄 알았어: In the beginning(at first sight) I thought you were a man.
- 이 일은 처음부터 잘못됐어: This matter went wrong from the beginning.
- 처음 느낌 그대로..: Just the way we felt in the beginning..
- 처음 본 사람: a man I saw for the first time.

- 일단 점심부터 먹자: Let’s first have lunch (and then do other things).
- 그는 일단 시작하면 멈추지 않는자: Once he gets started, he won’t stop.

- 너 먼저 가: You leave first (before I do).
- 닭이 먼저냐 달걀이 먼저냐: Which came first, the chicken or the egg.
- 먼저 할 일, 나중(에) 할 일: Things to do first, things to do later.

Examples

전혀 안 바빠요. [jeon-hyeo an ba-ppa-yo.] = I’m not busy at a

너무 커요.[neo-mu keo-yo] It’s too big.너무 비싸요. [neo-mu bi-ssa-yo] = It’s too expensive..너무 바빠요. [neo-mu ba-ppa-yo.] = I’m too busy. / I’m very busy.너무 is usually combined with adjectives but it can also be used with verbs as well. 너무 보고 싶어요. [neo-mu bo-go si-peo-yo.] = I miss you/him/her/them so much.이 영화 너무 재밌어.i yeonghwa neomu jaemisseo.“This movie is so good.”영어 너무 어려워요.yeongeo neomu eoryeowoyo. “English is too difficult.”키가 너무 커. 싫어.ki-ga neomu keo. silheo. “He’s too tall. I don’t like him.”